1. Reminders: Prepared In Seat, with materials ready to go when bell rings. Scrap Paper ALWAYS available & pen/pencils check bucket or ask Polite If you can’t say something nice, keep it shut. Don’t mess with other’s belongings. Clean up after yourself. Prompt Turn in work on time, When absent get work (1 day/1 day absent) & turn in, if miss exam, by next day otw “0”. Make arrangements. Test grades are POSTED, I do NOT pass back exams. 3 days for correction & retake* after grade posted. * You must have ALL work turned in before a retake will be given.

2. Reminders: Fire Drill Out to practice field Lock down Lights out, up against wall, quiet, phones off If possible, I will ask help to block doorways with tables, etc… QUIETLY Pass out books, to throw as distractions (volunteer) Severe Weather Stay in classroom, tables against walls, under tables Lock out Classes continue as normal, although remain in bldg.

3. Reminders: Duty Monday am – Library Monday pm – Parking lot Tutoring/Test Make-up M-F @ lunch by APPT., Please get pass & check with me for availability T-F after school Please check with me for availability T & W often meetings

4. Reminders: Have you signed up for Remind? If not, do so! I send out reminders, worksheet copies, you just never know… HINT! HINT! HINT! Check Class Web Page for ppts., assignments & notes My email: cheryl.frazier@huttoisd.net

5. Weathering, Erosion & Deposition ESS 2015-16

6. Weathering The breaking up of rock into smaller pieces

7. Mechanical (physical) When rocks are broken apart by a physical force.

8. Abrasion – Moving water or wind carries sand or other particles that wear away rock surfaces.

9. Ice Wedging – Freezing water in cracks of rocks expands causing rock to be further fractured.

10. Organic activity Plants, animals or people can loosen soil & rocky material.

11. Organic activity Plants – “root wedging” or “root action”

12. Gravitational Impact (Mass Wasting) ) Occurs due to gravity pulling sediment downward and breaking it into smaller pieces.

13. Gravitational Impact Creep Mudflow Rock slide Earth flow

14. Glaciers Carry boulders on underside, these boulders grind away at surface underneath

15. Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering breaks down bonds holding the rocks together, thus they fall apart, forming smaller and smaller pieces.

16. Chemical Weathering More common where there is a lot of water. Water is important to many of the chemical reactions that can take place. More common where temperatures are warmer.

17. Chemical Weathering Most common types of chemical weathering Oxidation Hydrolysis Dissolution Plant acid Hydration

18. Oxidation Rocks containing metals are combined with oxygen to form “rusts”. The areas in these rocks that are oxidized are weaker & thus more susceptible to physical weathering.

19. Hydrolysis A reaction with water in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water Affects silicate and carbonate minerals. Pure water ionizes & reacts with silicate minerals.

20. Hydrolysis Example Mg 2 SiO 4 + 4H + + 4OH - ⇌ 2Mg 2+ + 4OH - + H 4 SiO 4 Olivine (forsterite) + 4 ionized H 2 O molecules ⇌ ions in solution + silicic acid in solution Don’t need to write this

21. Dissolution Slightly acidic water dissolves rock. Carbonic acid Sulfuric Acid

22. Dissolution When carbonic acid is combined with a mineral like calcite (CaCO 3 ), calcium and bicarbonate ions are released and carried off by groundwater. CaCO 3 + H 2 CO 3  Ca +2 + 2 HCO -3 Don’t need to write this Marble & Limestone

23. Dissolution Sulfurous gas (volcanoes & factories) can dissolve in water to form sulfuric acid. Acid Rain SO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 SO 4

24. Plant Acid Mosses and lichens produce weak acids that dissolve the minerals that hold rocks together.

25. Hydration H+ and OH- ions attach to the atoms & molecules of a mineral. Increases volume within rock, creates stress & breaks rock down

26. Rates of weathering Factors : Amount of surface area exposed to chemical weathering Type of mineral Climate Especially warm & wet

27. Don’t need to draw this, but understand reasoning