1. Join The Caravan Muhammad abd al-Salam Faraj, Jamaat al-Jihad Abdullah Azzam, Godfather of Jihad Afghan Arabs organiser Maktab al-Khidamat “Jihad and the rifle alone. No conferences, no dialogue, no negotiations”

2. Causation? The Rise and Fall of Political Islam 1924 End of the Caliphate Hassan al Banna, Sayid Qutb Failure of Arab Nationalism, the absence of a unification narrative Quietening of the Islamists “Islamist movements have been in part secularized by the political process, where political logic has trumped religious logic” Hijra

3. Causation Existing explanations focus either on very specific issues of the modern era or timeless metanarratives Poverty Authoritarian regimes US (Western) foreign policy The Jewish state Globalisation and modernity Culture and values Clash of Civilisations

4. Rejection of the Contemporary International Order Rejection of a divided ‘spiritual’ umma Rejection of secular and illegitimate governance

5. Objectives Unity and Legitimacy (1) A unified Islamic community ruled by religiously sanctioned governance is the solution to all grievances (2) The US and the international system are major obstacles to that realisation.

6. Ijtihad and Islamic Reformation Closing the ‘Gates of Ijtihad’ Ibn Taymiyya 14 th C Ibn Wahhab 18 th C Jamal al din al Afghani 19 th C Stagnation of Islamic Society Co-option of the Ulema Ijtihad – Personal Reasoning Who can interpret religious texts? Preisthood of the individual

7. Salafi Jihadist Ideology Fundamentalist/ de- contextualised Salafism, Hijra, jihad, jayhilliya, Taymiyya, Afghani, Maududi, Qutb, Azzam, Faraj, Ayman al Zawahiri Knights Under the Prophets Banner Qutb The New Jahiliyya ‘everything around us is jahiliya, people’s perceptions and beliefs, habits and customs, the sources of their culture, arts, literature and their laws and legislations. Much of what we think of as Islamic culture, Islamic sources or Islamic philosophy, is in fact jahiliya.’

8. Four Pillars of Salafi Jihadist Ideology Jahiliyya (Ignorance of God’s will) – The problem that should be resolved Salafism (Looking to the early period of Islam for guidance) – The solution to the problem Higra (Emigration to form a jihadist community) – The preparation to bring the solution Jihad ( war directed against enemies) – the action to bring the solution

9. Martyrdom and 72 Virgins? (They will be) on Thrones encrusted (with gold and precious stones), Reclining on them, facing each other. Round about them will (serve) youths of perpetual (freshness), With goblets, (shining) beakers, and cups (filled) out of clear-flowing fountains No after-ache will they receive therefrom, nor will they suffer intoxication: And with fruits, any that they may select And the flesh of fowls, any that they may desire. And (there will be) Companions (Houri) with beautiful, big, and lustrous eyes, Like unto Pearls well-guarded. A Reward for the deeds of their past (life). Not frivolity will they hear therein, nor any taint of ill,- Only the saying, "Peace! Peace". Quran 56: 15-26

10. Hadith, Jami` at-Tirmidhi Suffers from a weak chain of narration It was mentioned by Daraj Ibn Abi Hatim, that Abu al-Haytham 'Adullah Ibn Wahb narrated from Abu Sa'id al-Khudhri, who heard Muhammad saying, 'The smallest reward for the people of Heaven is an abode where there are eighty thousand servants and seventy-two houri, over which stands a dome decorated with pearls, aquamarine, and ruby, as wide as the distance from al-Jabiyyah to San'a

11. Al Qaeda (The Base) Founded 1988 Computer Database containing contacts of Afghan fighters Mujahedeen Myth 1992 Yemen, 1995 Riyadh, 1998 Kenya and Tanzania, 2001 US 1998 Fatwa 2001 merger with Egyptian Islamic Jihad forming "Qaeda al-Jihad“ Bin Laden the organiser Zawahiri the thinker

12. The Near and Far Enemy Debate Debate of the jihadist center of gravity Near enemy (Arab regimes) Far Enemy (hegemonic powers) Structure vs Agent The 20 year plan – the Awakening (2000-2003) Provoke a war – Opening Eyes (2004 – 2007) Become a global brand and focus on Iraq – (2007 - 2010) Focus on Israel, Syria, Turkey – (2010 - 2013) Challenge US asymmetrically

13. Glocalization Franchising, The al Qaeda brand Affiliates, Allies and Freelance Jihadists Wedding local grievances to the global effort “Think globally, act locally” – Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula – Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb – Al Qaeda in Iraq (Now ISIS) – Ansar al Sharia – Boko Haram – Al Shabaab – Abu Sharif – Pakistani Taliban

14. Unity, Legitimacy, Hegemony The termination of the caliphate followed by the failure of pan-Islamism, pan-Arabism and political Islam leaves a narrative void. Post WWII consolidation of international system and norms Hegemonic willingness to maintain the existing order

15. Increased isolation and stagnation of al Qaeda Central (AQC) post 9-11 Death of bin Laden Soft Power strategies New Generation Jihadists Recruitment flow from Europe Rise of Islamic State