1. Tests back Chapter 11

2. No Distance Short Distance Long Distance

3. 1. Messenger 2. Receptor 3. Transduction 4. Secondary Messengers 5. Cell Targets

4. Signal Transduction Pathway

5. Signal Disruption Pathways Disruptions Poison Diabetes

6. Cell division- reproduction of cells Cell cycle- life of cell Chromosomes- DNA in packed structures Chromatin- DNA and proteins Somatic cells- # of chromosomes per body cell (all except reproductive) Gametes- reproductive cells (half of the somatic #) Sister Chromatids- duplicated chromosome joined by centromere

7. Mitosis- division of genetic material Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm Animals – cleavage furrow Plants – Cell plate

12. Binary Fission- Division in half (prokaryotes) Origin of Replication

13. Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external signals Checkpoint- control point where stop and go signals occur G 1 S G 2 G 0

14. Protein kinases are enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them To be activated the kinase must be attached to a cyclin Because these kinases are dependent upon attachment of cyclin they are known as cyclin-dependent kinases or Cdks.

15. Cells respond to “maturation-promoting factors” this is what triggers the cell’s passage past each checkpoint Growth hormone Density-dependent inhibition- Uncontrolled cell growth-