1. Ch. 5 SKELETAL SYSTEM Use the terminology associated with the skeletal system and … Learn about the following: Bone structure and types Bone tissue & function Bone development and growth Understand the aging and pathology of the skeletal system

2. CSI CASE STUDY There is a volunteer neighborhood cleanup day going on in your community. A young boy who is helping out by dragging a heavy bag of litter all of a sudden lets out a loud cry of pain. You are thinking that maybe the boy pulled a muscle. To your surprise, you notice that his hand is dangling as if he broke his forearm. You rush the child to his parents, and he is hurried off to the hospital. Later that day, you see the boy’s father, and he tells you how the boy is doing. He expresses that his son should really be more careful about his activities. His son has broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. He then explains that it takes a long time for the boy’s bones to heal. The father mentions that two years ago the boy lost his hearing in one ear after getting too close to an exploding fire cracker. The father ends the story saying, “Otherwise, he is your typical kid. He hardly has a sick day off from school, and he is growing like a weed.”

3. Overview Humans have an endoskeleton (internal) The skeletal system is composed of over 200 bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints, and tendons Functions in support, protection, storage & hemopoeisis.

4. FUNCTIONS framework for all soft tissues lungs, heart, reproductive organs muscles pull on bones Ca 2+ for bone growth & maintenance Hemopoiesis – process of making RBC in bone marrow yellow bone marrow - adipose tissue

5. Bone Types  categorized by their shape Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long Long bones

6. Flat Bones scapula Irregular bones

7. Each bone has characteristic surface features that result from its attachment to ligaments and tendons. Surface Features of Bone Process  large bulge where muscles attach Crest  large ridge where muscles attach

8. Foramen  opening where bone, blood vessels or nerves pass Trochanter  large, ridged bump where ligaments and tendons attach Vertebral foramen

9. The Human Skeletal System 2 divisions 1) AXIAL  spine, rib cage, hyoid bone, skull 2) APPENDICULAR  upper and lower appendages/extremities, and bones that girdle them to axial skeleton (pectoral and pelvic girdles.

10. Cranium – 8 total bones (1) (2) (1) (2)

11. sella turcica (turkish saddle): houses the pituitary gland within sphenoid bone ethmoid bone (1) (1)

12. mandible (1) mental foramen (passages for nerves and vessels nasal bones (2) maxilla (2) Face Bones: 14 total bones zygomatic arch (2) inferior conchae (2) vomer (1) (2)

13. palatine (2) foramen magnum: hole for spinal cord

14. Ear bones: 6 total (in temporal bone)

15. Sinuses: spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones (4 pairs); air conditioners?? make skull lighter?? crumple zones?? resonance chamber?? (frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid sinuses)

16. Fontanels:  soft spots on baby’s skull  allow compression of skull during birth  fuse & form sutures (joints) before baby is 1- 2yrs old

17. Vertebral Column – 26 total bones 5 separate in a child 3-5 separate in a child (1) concave curve convex curve

18. allows head to rotate

19. cartilage that acts as a cushion spinal cord spinous process vertebral foramen: hole spinal cord sits

20. Vertebral Column Function  can rotate and move forward, backward, and sideways  encloses and protects spinal cord  serves as attachment for ribs and muscles of back (thoracic vertebrae)  adult curves  provide strength & balance to support weight of body so we can stand and walk on 2 ft

21. Curvature of Spine Adult’s spine:  cervical + lumbar (concave)  thoracic + sacrum (convex) Newborn’s spine:  continuous convex curve  Head up = concave cervical  Stand up = concave lumbar Vertebral Column Animation: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12104 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12104 Spine-fusion Surgery Video: http://www.spine-health.com/video/spine-fusion-surgery-video Microdisectomy Lumbar Microdecompression Spine Surgery Video: http://www.spine-health.com/video/microdiscectomy-lumbar-microdecompression- spine-surgery-video

22. Ribs - 24 total bones (12 pairs) attach directly to sternum (14) (6) (4) attach to sternum by coastal cartilage of 7 th rib doesn’t ossify until 40yrs of age attachment for stomach muscles don’t attach to sternum

23. APPENDICULAR SKELETON  upper and lower appendages or extremities (i.e. arm & leg bones) and bones that girdle them to the axial skeleton (clavicle, scapula, pelvis) http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13404

24. (2) glenoid cavity: arm socket; not very protected where clavicle and scapula meet Pectoral Girdle: shoulder region sternoclavicular joint: where sternum and clavicle meet; fractures are common Shoulder Dislocation Animation: http://www.shoulderpainsolutions.com/commonproblems/animatio n-popup.asp?proc=sinstable

25. (2) pinky side (2) thumb side; allows hand to rotate distal middle proximal (28) (10) (16) Arm and Hand Bones:

26. olecranon process: end of ulna; funny bone head of radius HUMERUSHUMERUS ULNA RADIUS

27. Pelvic Girdle: hip region coxal bones (2) acetabulum: hip socket; well protected pelvic inlet (pubic bone)

28. Head of femur (2) (2; larger medial shin bone) (2; smaller lateral shin bone) (14; ankle bones) (10) (28)

29. Calcaneus: heel bone (2); largest tarsal bone Inner ankleboneOuter anklebone

30. MALE versus FEMALE SKELETONS FemaleMale Skeletonsmallerlarger Inlet / Outlet widernarrower Pubic Angle widernarrower https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =I1Qm7d4cCt8

31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duPxBXN4qMg

32. Concept Check #1 1. Describe the functions of the skeletal system. - protection (ribs, pelvis) - hemopoesis (RBC) -Support (vertebrae)- storage (calcium) 2. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Which body parts can be found in each of these divisions? -Axial (head, vertebrae, ribs) -Appendicular (extremities, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle 3. What are the purposes of bone-surface features? - attachment points for muscles and ligaments -holes for things to pass through

33. Concept Check #2 4. Describe 5 regions of the vertebral column and the column’s importance. -ce rvical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx -balance, support, flexibility 5. How do the bones of the rib cage differ. -True ribs (attach directly), false ribs (attach indirectly), floating ribs (don’t attach)  protection 6.Describe the differences between male and female skeletons. F–smaller in general, wider inlet, outlet and pubic angle M–larger in general, narrower inlet, outlet + pubic angle

34. INTERNAL & EXTERNAL FEATURES of BONES

35. Anatomy of Bone Primarily comprised of compact and spongy bone. Medullary cavity  in the center of some bones; contains bone marrow.

36. (end) (shaft) (end)  growth plate; calcified or cartilage  contains spaces for red bone marrow  contains fatty, yellow bone marrow (food reserve for bone cells)  strong membrane covering diaphysis  acts as a cushion between bones; sometimes called hyaline cartilage Red bone marrow  produces red blood cells Compact bone  rigid outer shell of bone Anatomy of a Long Bone http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sit es/dl/free/0072919329/63068/07_02a.swf::Anatomy%20 of%20Bones%20(a)http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sit es/dl/free/0072919329/63068/07_02a.swf::Anatomy%20 of%20Bones%20(a) - Quiz

37. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Haversian System or Osteon : structural unit of compact bone Haversian Canal: where B.V. pass http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 4qTiw8lyYbs&feature=related http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it= swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/00729193 29/63068/07_02b.swf::Anatomy%20o f%20Bones%20(b)http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it= swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/00729193 29/63068/07_02b.swf::Anatomy%20o f%20Bones%20(b) - Quiz

38. Osteon (Haversian System): honeycomb network of spongy bone

39. Within 1 Osteon or Haversian System  small canals that connect osteocytes  cavities that store osteocytes (bone cells)  calcified rings that surround Haversian canal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= ylmanEGjRuY&feature=related

40. JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS) -attach bones (helping with support, protection, movement)

41. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLxYDoN634chttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLxYDoN634c - Crash Course on Joints

42. 3 Types of Joints 1. Synarthrosis joints: no movement; held together by connective tissue Ex. cranial sutures

43. btwn parietals btwn temporal & sphenoid btwn occipital & parietals btwn frontal & parietals

44. 2. Amphiarthrosis joints: slight movement; held together by cartilage ex. pubic symphysis (in females only; fused in males) and vertebrae joints

45. 3.Diarthrosis joints: free movement; held together by a synovial capsule a. Ball and socket: widest range of motion; found in the hip & shoulder acetabulum Glenoid cavity HIP SHOULDER

46. b. Hinge: movement in 2 directions; flex and extend; found in the elbows, knees, & fingers Flexion: bending a joint Extension: straightening (smaller angle)a joint (larger angle)

47. c. Pivot: 1 bone rotates around another bone; found in C1 and C2 & the radius C1 Atlas C2 Axis

48. d.Saddle joint: only 1 pair exists; thumb  flexes, extends, abducts (away from midline), adducts (towards midline), and circumducts (circling distal end around proximal end )

49. e. gliding joint: least movable diarthrotic joint; found in shoulders, wrists & ankle, vertebrae

50. Anatomy of a Diarthrotic Joint connective tissue; fits over ends of 2 bones and becomes periosteum  strong cords of connective tissue that connect bone to bone  secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction Ligaments Joint capsule

51. ACL Reconstruction Video: http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=q96M0jRqn7k http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=q96M0jRqn7k

52. Concept Check 3: 7. What are the two main parts of a long bone and where are they located? Epiphysis – top and bottom of a long bone Diaphysis – shaft of a long bone 8. Label a drawing of a structural unit of bone and describe what each of the following structures do w/in the system: haversian canal, osteocytes, canaliculi, lacuna, lamella a)Haversian System (Osteon) b) H. canal  houses B.V., Osteocytes  make bone cells, Canaliculi  connect osteocytes, Lacuna  store osteocytes, Lamella  calcified rings surround HC

53. Concept Check 4: 9. Why do you think bone needs such a complex setup? To deliver nutrients & remove wastes to & from all parts of the bone. 10.Why are joints important and how do the 3 main types of joins differ? Attach, support, protection, Synarthrosis  no movement Amphiarthrosis  little movement Diarthrosis  lots of movement 11. What are ligaments? B) What is the synovial membrane? C) Where can they be found? a)Connective tissue that connect bone to bone b)Secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction btwn 2 bones c)Diarthrotic joint

54. Bone Development & Healing

55.  Bones are living organs that can remodel themselves.  develop at different rates and times as a person progresses through the developmental stages of growth. One way bones form in the embryo: 1. endochondral ossification (in long bones) 2.Intramembranous ossification https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p- 3PuLXp9Wghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p- 3PuLXp9Wg –compares both processes

56. Endochondral Ossification  before birth: no bones; only cartilage models  after birth: calcified matrix starts to replace cartilage models with the help of… 1. Osteoblasts  cells that BUILD bone 2. osteoclasts  cells that break down (KILL) bone & cartilage  bone formation that begins within (endo) cartilage (chondral)

57. Bone Remodeling (when there is excess Ca in the body) (when there is low Ca in the body) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78RBp WSOl08https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78RBp WSOl08 - actual footage of clasts and blasts at work

58. Steps of Endochondral Ossification 1. Primary ossification  osteoclasts carve out a hole in center of diaphysis of cartilage model a. B.V. grow into bone & provide nutrients for growth & maintenance 2.Osteoblasts enter & secrete bone tissue to replace cartilage a. compact bone then spongy bone b. bone elongation takes place at the epiphyseal plate

59. Importance of Epiphyseal Plate:  presence of cartilage plate: bone is still growing  absence of cartilage plate (calcified line): growth has ceased; bone is mature

60. 3.Secondary ossification  occurs later in development of fetus osteoclasts enter epiphysis  blood vessels  osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone

61. Importance of Endochondral Ossification  stress on bone the rate bone is deposited  reason athletes have denser and stronger bones than less active people.  allows bone to respond to stress/injury by changing size, shape and density

62. CartilageBone flexible gel matirx more space then cells chondrocytes (living cartilage cells) NO blood vessels; nutrients diffuse slowly into cells  slow to repair itself rigid calcified matrix more cells than space osteocytes (living bone cells) has blood vessels; nutrients diffuse quickly into cells  fast to repair itself

63. Bone Damage bone growth needed for bone repair bone fractures  most common type of bone damage; bone crack or splinter from physical injury Compound Fracturesi.e. stress fractures

64. 1. Reactive phase: within hrs or a few days a. white blood cells (WBC) and new blood vessels enter injured area to digest & carry away damaged tissue and clotted blood Bone Healing 2. Reparative phase (weeks to months): a.WBC secrete cartilage into damaged area b.osteoblasts secrete new bone tissue 3. Restorative phase: a. osteoblasts & osteoclasts remodel bone http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVougiCEgH8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVougiCEgH8 – bone repair NUTRITION IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!!

66. 12. How does a babies endoskeleton differ from an adults? And how do these remodeling take place? Endochondral ossification (among other types of ossification) Primary oss – starts in diaphysis Secondary oss – starts in epiphysis 13.How do bone and cartilage differ? Bone: calcified and hard; osteocytes; repairs faster b/c of blood supply Cartilage: flexible but strong; chondrocytes; repairs slow due to lack of blood supply Concept Check 5

67. What is a compound fracture and what are the stages my bone would go through as it healed? 1.Reactive: reactes to injury and WBC start cleaning up site 2.Reparative: repairs injury; osteoblasts start laying bone 3.Restorative: osteoblasts and clasts reconstruct bone back to normal Concept Check 6

68. PATHOLOGY of the SKELETAL SYSTEM

69. Wellness and Illness over the Life Span Most common bone and joint pathologies are related to atypical stress and strain. Other organ-system diseases cause inflammation of bones and joints. During a person’s lifetime, bone is constantly degraded and replaced.

70. 1. Shin splint – develops medial side of tibia; caused by overuse / high-impact of ankle joint 2.Osteoarthritis – deterioration of articular cartilage; pain & loss of movement Osteoarthritis Animation: http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/arthritis/osteo.swf http://www.edheads.org/activities/hip/swf/index.htm http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4544601474400368520#

71. Rheumatoid Arthritis Animation: http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/arthritis/ rheum.swf 3.Rheumatoid arthritis – immune system attacks connective tissue of a joint 4.Gout – metabolic disorder; causes body to produce oxalic acid (waste product); forms crystals cause inflammation in joints

72. 5. osteoporosis - excessive loss of calcified matrix causes bone degeneration a. weak bones lead to an increase in fractures & spine curvature c. treatments: sex therapy and dietary supplements (Ca and Vit. D) b. most frequent in elderly, white, females; white and black males are susceptible; very rare in black women

73. Osteoporosis

74. Aging of the Skeletal System deterioration of articular surfaces (joints); not repairable naturally (most common) bacterial infections over time  joint decay osteoclasts outpace osteoblasts as you age decline in sex hormones which are needed for bone maintenance poor nutrition or individual genetic factors

75. CSI – Conclusion while dragging a bag of litter a young boy breaks his forearm and is hurried off to the hospital you find out from the father that the son has already broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. apparently the boy’s bones take a long time to heal and he is deaf in one ear from standing too close to an exploding fire cracker Answer the following: 1.What congenital condition is causing this boy’s bones to break at such an early age? 2.What causes this condition? 3.Why do 50% of the people with this condition develop hearing loss? 4.What can be done to protect this boy from this condition?