1. Fig. 15-CO, p. 406

2. Fig. 15-1, p. 408

3. Carbon dioxide Relative concentration 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.50.5 0 Time (billions of years ago) Animals arise Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start First microscopic life begins consuming carbon dioxide Greenhouse warming due to high carbon dioxide level compensates for the faint, young sun Oxygen

4. Fig. 15-2a, p. 409

5. Fig. 15-2b, p. 409

6. Fig. 15-2c, p. 409

7. Table 15-1, p. 409

8. Fig. 15-3, p. 410

9. Fig. 15-3a, p. 410

10. Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410 Water out Spicules Amoeboid cell Pore Mesoglea Central cavity Flattened surface cells c FlagellumMicrovilliNucleus Water in d Collar cell b

11. Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410 Water out Central cavity Water in Collar cell Flagellum Flattened surface cells Mesoglea Pore Amoeboid cell Spicules Stepped Art Nucleus Microvilli

12. Fig. 15-4, p. 411

13. Fig. 15-5, p. 411

14. Fig. 15-6a, p. 412

15. Fig. 15-6b, p. 412

16. Tentacles with stinging cells Epidermal tissue Mouth Digestive cavity Interior partition Symbiotic zooxanthellae Mesenteric filaments Layers of calcium carbonate forming a skeleton b

17. Fig. 15-7, p. 413

18. Box 15-1, p. 414

19. Fig. 15-8, p. 415

20. Fig. 15-9, p. 415

21. Fig. 15-10, p. 416

22. Clam Digestive tract Foot Snail Shell Squid

23. Fig. 15-11, p. 416

24. Fig. 15-12, p. 416

25. Fig. 15-13, p. 417

26. Left gill Left mantle Muscle Shell Muscle Mouth Exhalant flow Inhalant flow Foot Right mantle Sand and debris being rejected Inhalant Palps String of mucus

27. Fig. 15-14, p. 417

28. Fig. 15-15a, p. 418

29. Fig. 15-15b, p. 418

30. Fig. 15-16, p. 418

31. Vertebrates (with endoskeletons) Size Arthropods (with exoskeletons) Age

32. Fig. 15-17a, p. 419

33. Fig. 15-17b, p. 419

34. Fig. 15-18a, p. 420

35. Fig. 15-18b, p. 420

36. Fig. 15-19, p. 421

37. Sieve plate Ring canal Radial canal Ampulla Stone canal Transverse canal Tube feet

38. Fig. 15-20, p. 421

39. Fig. 15-21a, p. 422

40. Oral opening Atrial opening Pharynx with slits

41. Fig. 15-21b, p. 422

42. Fig. 15-22, p. 422

43. Fig. 15-23, p. 423

44. Lancelets (like Amphioxus) Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes TunicatesAmphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Recent 135 375 Uro- chordates Cephalo- chordates Ancestral vertebrates 500 Millions of years ago Ancestral chordates (probably filter feeders)

45. Fig. 15-24a, p. 424

46. Fig. 15-24b, p. 424

47. Fig. 15-25, p. 425

48. Fig. 15-26, p. 426

49. Fig. 15-27, p. 426

50. Fig. 15-28, p. 426

51. Fig. 15-29, p. 427

52. Moray eel (1.5 m, 5 ft) Sunfish (to 2 m, 6.6 ft) Lionfish (15 cm, 6 in.) Weedy seadragon (25 cm, 10 in.) Scrawled cowfish (10 cm, 4 in.) Redfish Typical form of teleost fish (25 cm, 10 in.)

53. Fig. 15-30a-c, p. 428

54. Disk Sphere Teardrop a b c

55. Fig. 15-30d, p. 428

56. Fig. 15-31, p. 428

57. 13 2 2 Path of motion 3 1 a Eel-like fishes Moving hinge 1 2 5 3 4 4 3 5 1 2 b Advanced fishes Path of motion

58. Fig. 15-32, p. 429

59. Oxygen-enriched bloodOxygen-poor blood Gill arch Gill membrane a b c

60. Fig. 15-33, p. 430

61. Fig. 15-33a, p. 430 Salinity of fresh water = 00‰ Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–10‰ Internal fluids are saltier than the surrounding water Water gain by osmosis Does not drink Salt absorbed by gills Large volume of diluted urine removes excess water a Freshwater fish

62. Fig. 15-33b, p. 430 Salinity of seawater = 35‰ Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–14‰ External environment is saltier than body fluids Water loss by osmosis Drinks seawater Salt excreted by special glands in gills Very small amount of urine produced by kidneys to conserve water b Marine fish

63. Fig. 15-34, p. 431

64. Fig. 15-35, p. 432

65. Fig. 15-36, p. 432

66. Fig. 15-37, p. 433

67. Fig. 15-38a, p. 435

68. Fig. 15-38b, p. 435

69. Fig. 15-39a, p. 436

70. Humpback whale Bowhead whale Right whaleMinke whale Blue whale Fin whale Feeding on krill Sei whale Gray whale Mysticetes (baleen whales)

71. Fig. 15-39b, p. 437

72. Atlantic white-sided dolphin Common dolphin Harbor porpoise Killer whale Beluga whale Bottle-nosed dolphin False killer whale Cuvier’s beaked whale Pilot whale Narwhal Pygmy sperm whale Sperm whale Squid Baird’s beaked whale 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 m 0102030405060708090100 ft Odontocetes (toothed whales)

73. Fig. 15-40, p. 438

74. Returning echoes Short high- frequency sound pulses

75. Fig. 15-41a, p. 439

76. Fig. 15-41b, p. 439

77. Fig. 15-42, p. 439

78. Fig. 15-43a, p. 440

79. Fig. 15-43b, p. 440

80. Fig. 15-44, p. 441

81. Fig. 15-45, p. 441

82. Fig. 15-46, p. 442