1. The Astroparticle Road Ahead Uli Katz ECAP / Univ. Erlangen 28.09.2012 Splinter Meeting on Multi-Messenger Astroparticle Physics Hamburg, 27 – 28 September 2012

2. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 2 What is astroparticle physics ? Selected aspects: Multimessenger searches for cosmic accelerators Dark Matter A topic in neutrino physics An outlook beyond The plan for the next 25 minutes: Warning: This presentation will not provide a full coverage of astroparticle physics and will contain personal views. Note: Various slides from German astroparticle workshop (Zeuthen, 20-21 September 2012)

3. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 3 What is astroparticle physics ?

4. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 4 Extraterrestrial particles: 100 years Several decades until 50’s: Fundamental discoveries in particle physics (µ, ,e + ) From ~80’s: Particle physics methods and expertise for astroparticle experiments Further breakthroughs (neutrino oscillations) Coining the name (90’s): astroparticle physics vs. particle astrophysics Historical aspects Interpretation depends on perspective!

5. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 5 1.What is the Universe made of? In particular: What is dark matter? 2.Do protons have a finite life time? 3.What are the properties of neutrinos? What is their role in cosmic evolution? 4.What do neutrinos tell us about the interior of the Sun and the Earth, and about Supernova explosions? 5.What is the origin of cosmic rays? What is the view of the sky at extreme energies? 6.Can we detect gravitational waves? What will they tell us about violent cosmic processes and about the nature of gravity? ASPERA: Basic questions (roadmap 2007) Note: There are political/administrative aspects Funding agencies need practical structures

6. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 6 1.What can astroparticles tell us about the Universe? 2.What can we learn about particle physics from observations of astroparticles? 3.How do particles fit into the Universe? 4.What else can we learn from experiments dedicated to these questions? My preferred definition (generic) Astrophysics Particle physics Cosmology ?

7. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 7 Multimessenger searches for cosmic accelerators

8. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 8 TeV gamma observatories: H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS → CTA Neutrino telescopes: IceCube, ANTARES, Baikal → GNO, KM3NeT Cosmic rays: Auger → Radio detection, JEM/EUSO? Gravitational waves: GEO600, VIRGO, LIGO → Upgrades, ET Inter-instrument correlations: First “bilateral” approaches → AMON The astroparticle instruments

9. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 9 CTA: From vision to reality Martin Raue, Zeuthen 2012

10. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 10.. first data 2018 or so: Martin Raue, Zeuthen 2012

11. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 11 Neutrino telescopes IceCube, ANTARES, Baikal: Taking data but no discoveries yet Increased sensitivities required! KM3NeT: Multi-km 3 neutrino telescope in Mediterranean Sea Discuss and coordinate future activities in Global Neutrino Observatory (GNO)

12. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 12 KM3NeT Technical Design Report 2010: ~6 km 3 for 220 M€ Meanwhile: Optimisation for Galactic sources → smaller, lower energies, multiple building blocks Baseline design: Flexible strings with multi-PMT digital optical modules 40 M€ available for first construction phase (option: ORCA, see below) IceCube KM3NeT

13. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 13 The Global Neutrino Observatory GNO could be an “umbrella” over neutrino astronomy projects The experiments/partners are autonomous, independent entities participating in GNO GNO offers a forum for exchanges and consultations and can represent neutrino astronomy vs. science and science policy IceCube ANTARES, KM3NeT FA 2 FA 1 FA 3 Global Neutrino Observatory Further partners

14. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 14 Status of “cosmic ray astronomy” Auger: Observes anisotropies at E >10 19.7 eV. But: No conclusive evidence for specific sources Low statistics Chemical composition unclear (if heavy, no astronomy!) Conclusion: Larger and even better detectors needed “Auger North” not approved “Auger Next” under discussion Radio detection of air showers JEM/EUSO

15. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 15 Radio detection Impressive progress in exploration, theoretical understanding and simulation LOFAR New installations Auger Engineering Array (AERA) South Pole (ARA) TUNKA Rex SKA F. Schroeder et al. ARENA 2012 ±20%

16. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 16 JEM-EUSO Highest-energy cosmic ray observation from space Preparation in progress Launch in 2017? Questions: Calibration Precision Control of conditions Markus Roth, Zeuthen 2012

17. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 17 Gravitational waves: The global network … Michèle Heurs, Zeuthen 2012

18. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 18 … and the next step: Einstein Telescope (ET) Future: Also eLISA/NGO ? Michèle Heurs, Zeuthen 2012

19. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 19 Expected sensitivities First detections imminent ? mergers of BH and NS rotating NS asymmetric SN … Michèle Heurs, Zeuthen 2012

20. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 20 Multimessenger status Multimessenger studies require the detection and identification of multiple messengers No single neutrino, cosmic ray or gravitational wave assigned to a high-energy astrophysical source! We are at the beginning, perseverance required. Make best use of existing experiments → AMON

21. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 21 AMON Multimessenger network to identify coincident signals Sensitivity at sub-significance and sub-trigger level of single experiments Lead by Penn State Univ., to include ground- and space- based experiments amon.gravity.psu.edu

22. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 22 Dark Matter

23. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 23 Impressive progress in direct searches … Manfred Lindner, Zeuthen 2012 Another order of magnitude expected from XENON1T and others

24. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 24 … and further limits, hints and questions What about DAMA, CoGent, CRESST? Just detector effects? Indirect searches: intriguing features in e + e - spectra (Fermi-LAT, PAMELA, …) limits from neutrinos the Fermi 130 GeV  line Warning: Comparisons of experimental results are strongly model-dependent (particle physics, DM density)

25. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 25 How to consolidate the picture? We need a consistent picture in all reaction modes We need to prepare proper strategies for 4 possible cases: LHC yes LHC no direct yes ●● direct no ●●

26. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 26 Neutrino physics

27. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 27 Neutrino telescopes and low-E neutrinos Here: Low-E means E < 20 GeV or so IceCube/Deep Core: First results emerging, down to O(10 GeV) ANTARES: Oscillation analysis down to 20 GeV IceCube: Plans for further instrumentation in Deep Core region: PINGU Publication on possible neutrino mass hierarchy measurement (Akhmedov, Razzaque and Smirnov, arXiv1205.7071v4) … reactions on the experimental side: Feasibility study for PINGU Also under discussion for first KM3NeT phase (ORCA)

28. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 28 Possible configurations Alexander Kappes, Zeuthen 2012

29. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 29 Neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry induced by inhomogeneous matter distribution in Earth Result: zenith/energy dependence of event numbers, since Requires event identification, good energy/zenith resolution and precise knowledge of efficiencies The signal (theoretical perspective)

30. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 30 Feasibility studies for PINGU and ORCA ongoing Critical questions: Trigger efficiencies Event identification Backgrounds and event migrations Event reconstruction and resolutions Systematics in Earth density distribution … Time line: Answers by late 2012 or mid-2013 The signal (experimental perspective) Expected result: ? If feasible, it might change future of neutrino telescopes

31. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 31 Conclusions & Outlook

32. U. Katz: The astroparticle road ahead 32 A few personal remarks 1.We have made impressive experimental progress but we still have not answered the central questions 2.Perseverance and scientific rigor are required to succeed 3.Planning of future activities must be coherent, coordinated at international scale and science-driven 4.Astroparticle physics is dynamically evolving – we must not limit our objectives and visions to a momentary snapshot