2. Review 4 (Begins on page 50) What are the common threads that connect all living things?

3. Levels of Organization (p. 62) Organ system Organ Tissue Cell

4. Organs and systems 1. Organ system – a group of organs that work together to do a certain job (i.e. digestive system) 2. Organ – a group of tissues that work together to do a job (i.e. small intestine)

5. Tissue Group of similar cells that perform a particular function.. ConnectiveMuscle Nerves Epithelial

6. Cells have a special job to do (cell specialization) The size and shape of a cell is related to its function

7. MACROMOLECULES

8. Chemistry of Life Organic molecules: molecules that contain carbon atoms C atoms are versatile building blocks – 4 stable covalent bonds (4 valence e-) – C atoms can bond other C atoms or other atoms HH C H H

9. Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together by covalent bonds to form larger molecules – built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain 4 major classes of macromolecules: – carbohydrates – lipids – proteins – nucleic acids

10. Lipids Function: – energy storage – cell membrane – insulates body think whale blubber! Examples – Fats, Oils, Waxes, and steroids inside cell outside cell

11. Molecular Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

12. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6 Building block molecules or monomers = sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 (CH 2 O) x sugar

13. Functions of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – Glucose: quick energy Polysaccharides – starch energy storage in plants – glycogen energy storage in animals – in liver & muscles – cellulose structure in plants – cell walls

14. DNA Nucleic Acids Function: – genetic material DNA and RNA stores information – genes – blueprint for new cells transfers information – blueprint for building proteins – DNA  RNA  protein proteins

15. Nucleic acids Building block = nucleotides  5 different nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  A, T, C, G, U nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide phosphate sugar N base

16. Proteins Function: worker molecules – many, many functions hormones – signals from one body system to another – insulin movement – muscle enzymes – help chemical reactions

17. Proteins Building block = amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O variable group amino acids  20 different amino acids

18. Name that macromolecule: page 53 Enzyme production Tissue structure Control of cell division Membrane construction Energy storage Proteins Nucleic Acids and proteins Lipid Lipid and carbohydrates

19. Enzymes – Special proteins speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Enzymes Enzymes are not changed by the reaction – Enzymes are specific, they fit to their substrates like a lock and key – used only temporarily then reused – Provide a site for reaction (active site) enzyme substrateproduct active site

21. Review questions Which term refers to cells having different jobs in an organism? a.multicellular b.cell specialization c.levels of organization d.unicellular

22. Review Question 2 Amino acid is to protein as a.fat is to lipid. b.DNA is to RNA. c.sugar is to fat. d.simple sugar is to starch.

23. Living Things are Composed of Cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Cells are classified into two categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleus. Eukaryotes are cells that contain nuclei. Prokaryotes are cells that do not contain nuclei. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. ComparisonProkaryoticEukaryotic SimilaritiesCell membrane, genetic material and ribosomes OrganizationUnicellularCan be 1 cell or multicellular NucleusNoneYes Internal ComponentsNo organellesMembrane bound organelles ExampleBacteriaPlant, animal Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26. Review Questions The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that a)Prokaryote do not have a nucleus. b)Eukaryotes do not have a nucleus. c)Prokaryotes do not have a cell membrane. d)Eukaryotes do not have proteins.

27. Eukaryotic Cell Parts (Chart p. 57) Organelles do the work of cells – each structure has a job to do Model Animal Cell

28. Organelles Cells organelles have 4 main jobs 1.Make, store and tansport material proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them 2.Breakdown waste products Worn out parts, waste and foreign material 3.Capture and store energy need energy for all activities 4.Keep cell shape Anchor and move organelles

29. Nucleus Function – control center of cell – protects DNA instructions for building proteins Structure – nuclear membrane – nucleolus ribosome factory – chromosomes DNA

30. cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell

31. Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure/Function rough ER – ribosomes attached – works on proteins smooth ER – makes membranes

32. cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  works on proteins  makes membranes

33. transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins Golgi Apparatus Function – finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters Structure – membrane sacs

34. cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes Golgi apparatus  finishes, packages & ships proteins

35. Mitochondria (p. 60) Function – make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O 2  ATP Structure – double membrane in both animal & plant cells

36. lysosomecytoplasm mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 ER Golgi apparatus nucleus

37. Chloroplast Function – use energy from sunlight to make sugar photosynthesis Structure – double membrane Plant Cells only!!!

38. Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast

39. Compare/Contrast Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (top of p. 61) ChloroplastsMitochondria SimilarityDouble Membrane DifferenceCapture sunlight to make sugar Present in plants only Break down sugar to make ATP Present in plants and animals

40. Plant Structure Cell Wall Function: helps the cell to maintain its shape Structure: Rigid, made of cellulose Large Central Vacuole Function: Stores water and provides additional support cell wall Vacuole

41. central vacuole mitochondria chloroplast cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm Plant Cell nucleus

42. Review Questions Muscle cells require quick bursts of energy. Which organelles would be found in a higher than normal frequency in muscle cells? a)Ribosomes b)Golgi apparatus c)Mitochondria d)peroxisomes

43. Review Questions Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function? a)Mitochondria – protein production b)Chloroplasts – controls what goes in and out of cell c)Ribosomes – protein production d)Lysosome – protects and maintains heredity material (DNA)

44. Review Questions Plant cells and animal cells have many organelles in common except a)Mitochondria b)Chloroplasts c)Ribosomes d)nucleus

45. Cell Boundaries and Transport

46. Structure of cell membrane Membrane is made of special kind of lipid – phospholipids – “split personality” Membrane is a double layer – phospholipid bilayer inside cell outside cell lipid “repelled by water” “attracted to water” phosphate

47. Cell Membrane page 54 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Outside of cell Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Proteins Lipid bilayer Function: regulates what enters and leaves the cell

48. Semi-permeable membrane Cell membrane controls what gets in or out Some substances can pass directly through the membrane Other substances pass through a protein channel inside cell outside cell sugarfat salt waste

49. Molecules move from high to low Diffusion – move from HIGH to LOW concentration

50. Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration – directly through membrane simple diffusion no energy needed – help through a protein channel facilitated diffusion (with help) no energy needed HIGH LOW

51. Simple vs. facilitated diffusion inside cell outside cell lipid inside cell outside cell simple diffusionfacilitated diffusion protein channel

52. Osmosis Diffusion of water from HIGH concentration of water to LOW concentration of water Movement of water Dilute sugar solution (Water more concentrated) Concentrated sugar solution (Water less concentrated) Sugar molecules Selectively permeable membrane

53. Osmosis page 55 A bag of 5% sugar solution in a semipermeable bag. Only water can pass through the bag. How will the mass change? In a beaker of pure water? In a beaker of 5% sugar water? In a beaker of 7% sugar water? Increases No change Decreases

54. Active transport Cells may need molecules to move against concentration “hill” – need to pump “uphill” from LOW to HIGH using energy – protein pump – requires energy ATP

55. Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport ATP

56. Review question A protein entering a cell through a protein channel requires energy. This is an example of a)Simple diffusion b)Active transport c)Osmosis d)Passive transport