1. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 2 Stages of Groups, Group Process, and Therapeutic Forces ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

2. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Stages of Groups All groups go through three stages: –The Beginning Stage –The Working Stage –The Closing Stage ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

3. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Other Models of Sequential Stages Corey: formation, orientation, transition, working, consolidation, and follow-up. Tuckman: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

4. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Group Process Group process: interaction and energy exchange among members and leaders. Dynamics of Interaction Patterns – Who talks to whom and how often do members speak? members speak? – Is the interaction member to member or member to leader? member to leader? ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

5. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Group Dynamics of Different Kinds of Groups A discussion of group dynamics must take into consideration the kind of group and the leadership style –Education Groups Members have different abilities to learn Members at different comfort levels with the material –Discussion Groups Leader needs to be aware of member trying to dominate Leader should try to get everyone to participate ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

6. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Group Dynamics of Different Kinds of Groups continued –Task Groups Members may need conflict-resolution Be aware of power plays –Growth & Experiential Groups Most important is how members feel about each other since they will be sharing personally Wide variety of needs among members ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

7. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Group Dynamics of Different Kinds of Groups continued –Support Groups Level of trust, commitment, and caring is essential Need for commonality –Counseling & Therapy Groups Members at different levels of mental health Members have wide variety of needs –Self-Help Groups No identified leader Dynamics vary depending on membership ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

8. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Yalom’s Curative Factors Instillation of hope Instillation of hopeUniversality Imparting of information Altruism Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Yalom’s Curative Factors continued Development of socialization techniques Imitative behavior Interpersonal learning Group cohesiveness Catharsis Existential factors ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

10. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Forces A skilled leader is always paying attention to the therapeutic forces in a group. Clarity of Purpose –Leader needs to be clear –Members need to be clear Relevance of Purpose –Must fit the purpose of the group ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

11. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Forces continued Group Size –Depends on the kind of group –5-8 members usually best –Educational groups can be larger ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

12. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Forces continued Length of Each Session –Depends on kind of group –Varies with members –Discussion, Education, 1-2 hours –School groups—20-40 minutes –Support, Counseling, Therapy groups 11/2-2 hours ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

13. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Forces continued Frequency of meetings –Depends on setting and purpose Daily – residential setting, counseling/therapy Weekly- residential or community setting, counseling/therapy, support Bi-weekly-community, support, psychoeducational ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

14. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Forces continued Adequacy of the Setting –Be prepared for inadequate places to conduct groups –Ideally, a private space with the same size chairs Time of Day –Convenient for leaders and members –After lunch is often difficult—members are sleepy The Leader’s Attitude –Member’s definite pick up the positive or negative attitude of the leader ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

15. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Forces continued Closed or Open Groups –Open groups are more difficult New members come Members leave Members can’t get as close Voluntary or Nonvoluntary Membership –It is usually an anti-therapeutic force at the beginning with nonvoluntary members ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

16. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Therapeutic Forces continued Member’s Level of Commitment Level of Trust –The leader is crucial in the development of trust in a group Member’s Attitudes Toward the Leader The Leader’s Experience in leading Groups Coleadership Harmony ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

17. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Process And Content Balance process vs. content. A common mistake is to focus too much on one or the other. –Process here refers to the group dynamics, and therapeutic forces –Content refers to the purpose or task of the group ©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.