1. What were conditions in the trenches really like?
Key words
Trench foot
Camaraderie
Lesson Objective
To understand the layout of a trench
To work in groups and investigate trench conditions

2. What was his experience of life in the trenches?
Read the following extract from a letter by a soldier who fought in WW1.
What was his experience of life in the trenches?
Was it positive or negative?

3. Richard Smethurst Richard was a soldier from Salford near Manchester.
He volunteered for the army at the beginning of the war.
He was a Rifleman
He was 17
We are going to be looking at the story of Richard’s experience of war.

4. Why was the war fought in trenches?
Both sides expected the war to be over by Christmas. Instead it lasted 4 years and 10, 000, 000 people were killed
One of the reasons why the war lasted so long was the type of warfare used, most importantly, the trenches.
The French and British forces were trying to defend France from the advancing German army. So they dug in to hold their position.
They were at the lines of war, enemy verses enemy, trenches gave protection from advanced troops, and place to fall back too, the key was to get to the other trenches and hold for the next advance, without getting shot of course

5. Why was the war fought in trenches?
Both sides dug trenches to protect themselves. At first these were just ditches, but it soon became clear that the soldiers would be in them for some time.
Once in the trenches they would be able to keep each other pinned down with machine gun fire.

7. Support Reserve Front Line No Mans Land Actual view of part of the
Western Front

8. Machine Gun
The Soldier
Barbed Wire
Sandbags
Latrine
(Toilet)‏
Periscope
Firestep
Duckboards

9. Label the features of trench

11. Why was the war fought in the trenches
Why was the war fought in the trenches? What was the effect of trench warfare? Discuss with the person next to you (1 minute)

12. What were conditions in the trenches really like?

15. Rats LICE Food Trench Foot Camaraderie Boredom
&
LICE
Food
Trench Foot
Camaraderie
&
Boredom

16. Rats LICE Food Trench Foot Camaraderie Boredom
&
LICE
Food
Trench Foot
Camaraderie
&
Boredom
Summarise in your books what you have learnt about Trench conditions

17. LICE
Everybody in the trenches had lice, one soldier counted 163 on himself! They were a constant source of irritation and could be cracked with fingernails or ‘popped’ with a burning candle.

18. Washing
Lice were so common because men in the front-line rarely, if ever, washed. Normally a soldier spent 4 days in the frontline, 4 days in support and 8 in reserve. It was not unusual for men to go over a month without washing! This also led to diseases such as dysentery.
                                       

19. Rats
Trenches were infested with rats because there were no cats and plenty of rotting corpses. They stole food from soldiers and ate the corpses of their comrades. As a result the rats grew huge and soldiers spent theirs nights hunting them with shovels.

20. Food
Daily food was mostly tinned meat called bully beef, bread, biscuits and jam. This was of poor quality and eating the same thing everyday added to the often dull nature of trench life.

21. Gas
Gas was a constant fear for men in the frontline. Chlorine gas destroyed the lung tissues so men couldn’t breathe and mustard gas blistered the skin and caused blindness.

22. Shell Shock
When soldiers were being shelled (up to 7 days at a time) over a period of months they sometimes suffered from shell shock, a type of nervous exhaustion. Men would live in a state of terror, for many their lives would never be the same and they would never recover. Many ended up in mental hospitals for the rest of their lives.

23. Trench Foot
Wearing poorly fitting boots, living in freezing mud and water sometimes led to trench foot. Mud was often feet deep and men even drowned in it.
Trench foot meant that feet often swelled to two or three times their normal size and went numb. Skin would peel off as boots were removed. In some cases they had to be amputated.

24. Camaraderie
Many soldiers enlisted with their friends. That meant that they were often in the same ‘PALS’ battalion as them and fought alongside them in the trenches. They would spend hours together and became close. To pass the time they would sing, talk about home, and write letters. They would try to help and protect each other.