1. Successful IT Projects By Darren Dalcher & Lindsey Brodie
Chapter 1

2. Introduction to projects and project management
Lecture 1:
Introduction to projects and
project management

3. Learning outcomes Describe the characteristics of projects
Outline project management activities
Understand the criteria for successful projects
Describe in overview the project lifecycles
Explain the different systems development lifecycle approaches and models

4. What is a project?
“A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.” (PMBOK 2004)
A definable purpose
A unique undertaking
A temporary activity

5. Project characteristics
Stakeholder value
Innovation
Organisational change
Resource utilisation
Timescales
Financial cost
Resource availability
Organisational scope

6. What is project management?
“The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.” (PMBOK 2004)
“Project management is the process by which projects are defined,planned, monitored, controlled and delivered such that the agreed benefits are realised.” (APM BoK 2006)

7. Project management process groups
Initiating processes
Planning processes
Executing processes
Monitoring and controlling processes
Closing processes
(PMBOK 2004)

8. Project management knowledge areas
Integration management
Scope management
Time management
Cost management
Quality management
Human resources management
Communications management
Risk management
Procurement management (PMBOK 2004)

9. Success criteria for projects
A project should be completed:
Within time
Within budget
At the desired performance levels
With acceptable quality
Offering at least the minimum agreed functionality
Utilising the assigned resources effectively and efficiently
Accepted by the client
Used by the intended users
Delivering the promised benefits

10. Factors influencing project failure (Yardley 2002)
Technical Failure
Human Failure
Process Failure
Lure of the leading edge
Lack of executive support
Absence of any project management methodology
Poor technical design
Lack of leadership
Absence of any systems development methodology
Technical solution to a non-technical problem
Uncommitted project team
Absence of any benefits management methodology
Dependence on software packages to satisfy requirements
Dysfunctional project team
Failure to identify and mitigate project risks
Lack of tools throughout development lifecycle
Failure to manage third parties
Failure to manage requirements
Technology-led development
Lack of a project ‘champion’
Lengthy project timescales
Lack of project ownership
Insufficient testing
Stakeholder conflict
‘Big-bang’ approach to computerization
Resistance to change
Hostile organizational culture
Inexperienced project managers
Lack of business justification
Unclear or ambiguous business priorities
Lack of user training
Misaligned stakeholder motivation

11. Project lifecycles Project management lifecycle
Manage the
project
Systems development lifecycle
Modify the
system
System Lifecycle
Project Start
Project End

12. Project management lifecycle
Concept
Definition
Implementation
Handover and closeout
(APM BoK 2006)

13. Systems development lifecycle approaches
Sequential
Incremental
Prototyping
Evolutionary

14. Systems development lifecycle models
Waterfall model
Incremental phased delivery
Evolutionary delivery (Evo)
Spiral model
DSDM (Dynamic Systems Development Model)
RUP (Rational Unified Process)
XP (Extreme Programming)

15. The Waterfall Model Winston Royce 1970 System Requirements Software
Analysis
Program
Design
Coding
Testing
Operations

16. Incremental Delivery Phase 1 Phase 5 Phase 4 Phase 3 Phase 2
Delivery to
Customer
of Increment 1
of Increment 2
of Increment 3
of Increment 4
of Increment 5
Waterfall Models

17. Crashed Increments Delivery to customer
on completion of each increment

18. Evo Result Cycle Tom Gilb Strategic Management Cycle Development Cycle
Feedback
‘Go’
Strategic
Management
Cycle
‘The Head’
Development
Cycle
Tom Gilb
Evo was developed
from 1976 onwards
Backroom
‘The Body’
Production
Cycle
Backroom
Delivery
Cycle
Frontroom
Result Cycle

19. Evo Step Development and Delivery
Backroom
‘KITCHEN’
Frontroom
‘RESTAURANT’ A A
Potential Next Step
(Step 4) D B B C H
Step 3 D C E
Delivery
Cycle G
Development
& Production Cycles F F
Implementation Cycle for F
Step 2 G E H
Step 1
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Time
From (Gilb 2005)

20. Spiral Model Barry Boehm 1988 Identify and resolve risk Determine
objectives
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis
Operational
Prototype
Review
Prototype 1
Prototype 2
Prototype 3
Requirements plan
Requirements
Design
Requirements
validation
Detailed
Design
Development plan
Code
Design verification
and validation
Integration and test plan
Test
Plan next phase
Develop and
verify
Service

21. DSDM Overview DSDM Consortium About 1994 From (Stapleton 2003)
Feasibility
Business Study
Implement
Agree schedule
Review
business
Implementation
Train users
Identify
functional
prototype
Create
functional
prototype
Functional
model
iteration
User approval and
user guidelines
Review prototype
Identify design prototypes
Review
design
prototypes
Agree
schedule
Design and
build iteration
Create design prototypes
From (Stapleton 2003)

22. Rational Unified Process (RUP)
Rumbaugh et al 1999
Iterate
Iterate
Iterate
Iterate
Inception
Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles
Elaboration
Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles
Construction
Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles
Transition
Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles

23. Extreme Programming (XP)
Kent Beck 2000
Exploration
Planning
Iterations to Release
Productionizing
Maintenance
Stories
Stories
for next
iteration
Pair programming
Continuous
Review
Analysis
Design
Planning
for testing
Testing
Capturing features
Prototyping
Weeks to months
Customer Approval
Documentation
Performance
improvements
Estimate
Prioritize
Agree contents of release
2 days
Continuous
Integration
Feedback
Codebase
Test
Feedback
Release
Updated
Release
1 to 4 weeks each iteration
From (Abrahamsson et al 2002)

24. Summary What is a project? Project characteristics
What is project management?
Project management process groups and knowledge areas
Project success and failure criteria
Project management lifecycle
Systems development lifecycle approaches
Systems development lifecycle models