1. 1 Web Service Jianguo Lu

2. 2 Motivation Build a web site about Windsor –Include a weather report from cnn.com; –Include daily stocks report for companies in Windsor; –Include maps from google map; –Include currency exchange from xe.com –… In the old days, we extract information from various sites using screen/html scraping –It is unreliable –Difficult to extract the data and maintain the web site The solution: web service –Each web site provide a programmable interface

3. 3 What is web service Web Service –A vague term that refers to distributed or virtual applications or processes that use the Internet to link activities or software components. Another example application (vertical integration) –A travel Web site that takes a reservation from a customer, and then sends a message to a hotel application, accessed via the Web, to determine if a room is available, books it, and tells the customer he or she has a reservation is an example of a Web Services application. Challenges –Find the services –Publish the services –Invoke the services –Describe the services –…..

4. 4 Service Oriented Architecture Discovery agency ProviderRequester interact find publish

5. 5 A concrete SOA UDDI Registry WSDL Web Service Provider SOAP Service Consumer Points to description publish Describes Service Finds Service Communicates with XML Messages

6. 6 Web service definitions A web service is an application accessible to other applications over the internet “Self-contained, modular business applications that have open, internet-oriented, standard based interfaces”—UDDI Consortium “a software application identified by a URI, whose interfaces and bindings are capable of being defined, described, and discovered as XML artifacts. A web service supports direct interactions with other software agents using XML-based messages exchanged via Internet-based protocols.” --W3C “a standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI open standards over an Internet protocol backbone. XML is used to tag the data, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the service available, and UDDI is used for listing what services are available”--Webopedia More concrete

7. 7 Web Service definition “encapsulated, loosely coupled, contracted software objects offered via standard protocols” --ZapThink Research –Encapsulated Web Service implementation is invisible to entities outside the service Exposes an interface but hides details –Loosely Coupled Service and consumer software can be redesigned independently Messages are decoupled from the data transport, and are easy to integrate with other platforms and open standards technology. Changing the implementation of one component does not require changing the rest of the services, which makes configuration and deployment easier to manage. –Self-Describing and Adapting. –Distributed and Location-Independent. –Open Standards-Based.

8. 8 Why Web Service “Just as the web revolutionized how users talk to applications, XML transforms way applications talk to each other”—Bill Gates “Web services will be bigger than Java or XML”. – Rod Smith, VP of Emerging Technology, IBM “Web services are expected to revolutionize our life in much the same way as the internet has during the past decade or so.”— Gartner “By 2004, 40% of the financial services transactions and 35% of online government services will be web service-based.” –Gartner There are web services for Google, Amazon, Fedex, EBay … … It is a buzzword. Is it another hype?

9. 9 Three Laws of Computing Moore's Law –Computing power doubles every 18 months Gilder's Law –Network bandwidth capacity doubles every 12 months Metcalfe's Law (Net Effect) –Value of network is proportional to the square of the number of users of the system (n 2 ). Web services greatly increase network value

10. 10 HTTP form Simple Form <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> Text Field File to upload

11. 11 http request POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: cascadetg.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.5) Gecko/20031007 Firebird/0.7 Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/ html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,video/x- mng,image/png,image/ jpeg,image/gif;q=0.2,*/*;q=0.1 Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 Keep-Alive: 300 Connection: keep-alive Cookie: CP=null* Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=---------------------------41184676334 Content-Length: 438 -----------------------------41184676334 Content-Disposition: form-data; name="textfield" Test -----------------------------41184676334 Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="tiny.txt" Content-Type: text/plain A small text file. Nothing to see here. Move along. -----------------------------41184676334 Content-Disposition: form-data; name="Submit" Submit -----------------------------41184676334--

12. 12 From HTTP to RPC Remote procedure calls, or RPC, have been around for a long time. The concept is simple: let's say you have a function: bankAccount.adjust(Money amount); The method is easy to understand and work with as part of a program compiled and running on a single machine. A RPC makes a method call on another machine. // Local code Money adjustment = new Money(1.50); // Remote code myBankAccount.adjust(adjustment);

13. 13 Web service distributed computing ConceptCORBAJavaWeb service Interface Description IDLJava interfaceWSDL RPC supportORBsRMISOAP Service registryCORBA naming service JNDIUDDI Messaging support CORBA Event/Notification service JMS? Transaction support CORBA transaction service JTS, EJB? Security supportCORBA security service ??

14. 14 History of Interface Definition Languages (IDLs) IDL has a long history in distributed computing –DCE (Distributed Computing Environment) –CORBA IDL, OMG (Object Management Group) –COM IDL, Microsoft –WSDL Traditional IDLs –Specifying what to call: the operation names, their signatures, exceptions. This is the job of IDL. –Agreeing on how to make an invocation: the mechanism of naming, activation, data encoding. This is what distributed standards such as CORBA or COM do. WSDL needs to specify the both: the operation provided by the service, and the mechanism to access the service.

15. 15 Web Service Description Language WSDL defines –What the service is: the operations the service provides, including the signature of the operation –- what –Access specification: details of the data format and protocol necessary to access the service’s operation–- how –Location of the service: details of the network address, such as a URL –- where

16. 16 WSDL functionality view OperationPort Type MessageBinding PortService Supports Input & Output Provides How to encode Formats & Protocols How to invoke Implements Interface Endpoints –What –how –where Legend: In WSDL 2.0, portType is changed to interface.

17. 17 WSDL document structure view WSDL specification abstract part types messages operations port types concrete part bindings services and ports

18. 18 <definitions name="Procurement" targetNamespace="http://example.com/procurement/definitions" xmlns:tns="http://example.com/procurement/definitions" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/" xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/" > <soap:binding style="document" transport="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/http"/> port and service binding operation and port type messages abstract part concrete part

19. 19 Returns price of a book at BN.com given an ISBN number

20. 20 Visual representation

21. 21 WSDL structure—interconnection view WSDL document Types (type information for the document, e.g., XML Schema) Message 1Message 4Message 3Message 2 Operation 1Operation 3Operation 2 Message 5 Interface (abstract service) binding 1 endpoint 1 binding 2 endpoint 2 binding 3 endpoint 3 binding 4 endpoint 4 Service (the interface in all its available implementations) Abstract description of the service Concrete description of the service By Gustavo Alonso and Cesare Pautasso

22. 22 A WSDL example <definitions name="PriceCheck" targetNamespace="http://www.skatestown.com/services/PriceCheck" xmlns:pc="http://www.skatestown.com/services/PriceCheck" xmlns:avail="http://www.skatestown.com/ns/availability" xmlns:wsi="http://ws-i.org/schemas/conformanceClaim/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/" xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/"> … This example is from Steve Graham et al: Building Web Services with Java

23. 23 PortType defines the interface of web service. Just as Java Interface declaration; –Will change the name to in WSDL 2.0. It consists of a sequence of operation declarations. WSDL can have zero or more s. Typically just one. It has a name attribute, must be unique. –The binding will refer the portType by its name

24. 24 Operation Operation defines a method signature; –Name, input, output, and fault Input and output elements are associated with messages; Different combinations of input/output define different operations types.

25. 25 Operation Types The request-response type is the most common operation type, but WSDL defines four types: –Request-response: The operation can receive a request and will return a response –One-way: The operation can receive a message but will not return a response. –Notification:The operation can send a message but will not wait for a response –Solicit-response:The operation can send a request and will wait for a response Different types are defined by decided by the order/occurrences of input and output.

26. 26 Messages Describe the abstract form of input, output, or fault. A WSDL file can have zero or more messages. Each message has a name, which is unique within the document. Each message has a collection of elements.

27. 27 Part A element can be compared to a parameter in a method. A part element has two properties: one is name, the other is its kind. Kind can be a type or an element –Element refers to an element defined in XML Schema –Type refers to a simpleType or a complexType in XSD In corresponding sku definition is:

28. 28 Types in WSDL <xsd:schema targetNamespace="http://www.skatestown.com/ns/availability" > <xsd:element name="StockAvailability" type="avail:availabilityType" /> The default type system is XML Schema; –Theoretically you can use any type system, such as Java types. To be used in element; We can also import XML Schemas

29. 29 SOAP request message <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv=“http://schema.xmlsoap.org/soap/evelope/” xmlns:xsd=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema” xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”> 123 Relevant part of the WSDL file: Envelope Body Message Payload Header #1 Header #0

30. 30 SOAP response message <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv= … xmlns:xsd=… xmlns:xsi=… > 123 100.00 12 Relevant part of the WSDL file: <xsd:complexType name="availabilityType">

31. 31 Binding <soap:operation soapAction = "http://www.skatestown.com/services/PriceCheck/checkPrice" /> Name of the binding should be unique; Link to the portType is achieved by the portType name –This explains why portType name should be unique. Typically, there is only one element; Defines: –Invocation style –SOAPAction –Input message appearance –Output message appearance

32. 32 Invocation Style All operations in this portType use SOAP messages; The style attribute indicates that operations will follow a document-centric approach; –The body of the SOAP message is a straight XML document; –This is in contrast to RPC style;

33. 33 RPC style and document style When using Document style, you can structure the contents of the SOAP Body any way you like. When using RPC style, the contents of the SOAP Body must conform to a structure that indicates the method name and contains a set of parameters. It looks like this:......... Document style:... RPC style:...

34. 34 Service <wsi:Claim conformsTo="http://ws-i.org/profiles/basic/1.0" /> <soap:address location = "http://www.skatestown.com/services/PriceCheck"/> Contains a set of elements; combines the interface binding with a network address specified by a URI; A web service can be available in different web addresses;

35. 35 Implications of WSDL Interaction mode: –Not only expose the operations to invoke, but also a service behave like a client. Blurring the distinction between a client and server. Does not presume a particular form of communication, protocol, data encoding. –You can use HTTP, or SMTP, or FTP, … –You can use SOAP, or others

36. 36 WSDL 1.1 vs WSDL 2.0 WSDL 2.0 Endpoints Interfaces –Support for Interface inheritance Removed operation overloading Messages defined through Types Operations nested inside Interfaces Endpoints nested inside Bindings 9 Message Exchange Patterns New: Features and Properties WSDL 1.1 Ports PortTypes Supported operation overloading Messages composed of Parts 6 Top level elements: Messages, Operations, PortTypes, Bindings, Ports and Services. 4 Transmission Primitives –(One-way, Request-Response, Solicit-Response, Notification)

37. 37 Tools WSDL parser: WSDL4J Apache Axis –Invoking SOAP web service; –Translate WSDL to Java, and vice versa; –Mapping Java into XML Schema, and vice versa; –Host web service; –API for manipulating SOAP;

38. 38 Mapping between Java and WSDL in JAX-RPC A simple example public interface FooBar extends java.rmi.Remote{ public float foo(java.lang.String para1) throws java.rmi.RemoteException; }

39. 39 Multiple input parameters public interface FooBar extends java.rmi.Remote{ public float foo(String param1, int param2, boolean param3) throws java.rmi.RemoteException; }

40. 40 Multiple output parameters public interface FooBar extends java.rmi.Remote{ public void foo(String param1, javax.xml.rpc.holders.IntHolder param2, javax.xml.rpc.holders.BooleanHolder param3, javax.xml.rpc.holders.FloatHolder param4, ) throws java.rmi.RemoteException; }

41. 41 Mapping XML Schema to Java public class Address { private String street; private String city; public String getCity(){return city; } public void setCity(String c){city=c; } … } Class has to have correct getters and setters; In axis, you can use WSDL2Java and Java2WSDL to do the mapping.