1. CHAPTER 5 FOUNDATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
To what extent should contemporary society respond to legacies of historical globalization?

2. Key Issues 1. Imperialism 2. Historic Globalization 3. Mercantilism
4. Capitalism
5. Grand Exchange
6. Industrial Revolution
Map pulse NG
National Geographic Globalization

3. HOW & WHY DID GLOBALIZATION BEGIN?

4. What we will answer Why and how did globalization begin?
How did the foundations of historical globalization affect people?
How might the use of a single number system contribute to globalization?

5. Conflicting Theories
Some say globalization is as old as trade among peoples
Others say it began in about 325 BCE when the Buddhist leader Chandragupta Maurya combined religion, trade, and military might to create a vast protected trading area in much of present-day India.
Still others say that globalization started in the 1100s when Genghis Khan, the Mongolian warrior-ruler, introduced the idea of fighting from horseback.
And many other experts date the rise of globalization to 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the Americas.

6. Early Trade Routes
Network of caravan tracks linked Asia and Europe  “Silk Road”
Ideas were also transported
Ex: The Indo-Arabic number system
11th C. Europeans who traded with Middle Eastern merchants introduced the system to Italy. From Italy, this new system quickly spread throughout Europe — and today, it is used around the world.

7. Evolution of Globalization
Globalization started with goods and ideas being exchanged on trade routes.
Evolved with new technologies allowing Europeans to travel further in the world and creating imperialism.
Imperialism refers to one’s country’s domination of another country’s economic, political and cultural institution.
Globalization is now in the period of rapid growing world markets and instant communication.
China and India

8. Historical Globalization
time period from 1492 with Christopher Columbus to the end of WWII, 1945.
This period in time involved imperialism.
Contemporary globalization:
began after WWII when the United States and the Soviet Union became world super powers.
This period in time also involved neo-imperialism.

9. In economist’s O’Rourke and Williamson’s view:
globalization began in the 1800s, when low-cost goods from farms and factories poured into markets around the world - and access to these goods began to change the way masses of people lived.

10. How Historical Globalization Affected People
Printing Press
One of the most important invention during the second millennium
Before the press books were hand written and copied = expensive, and took a long time to get one.
Result: Books became more available  quickly made and cheap.
Learning how to read  spread new ideas about science, religion, politics and philosophy across the world.

11. The Rise of Middle Class (5th-18th C.)
As towns/cities grew, European cultures needed to adapt = Middle Class
The Feudal System
(Europe after the Dark Ages).
People often lived in isolated, self-sufficient communities. Social status was often determined by birth, and social power was defined by the amount of land a person owned.

12. The economy was based on arrangements between the lords who owned large rural estates and the peasants or serfs who worked for them.
The towns people were more independent than the peasants because they relied on crafts and skills.
They would trade their craft for money and this wealth became a measure of social status.

13. Their independence fostered a sense of individualism and a belief that people should be able to act freely.
This lead to the value of education and innovations such as exploration, scientific discoveries and new technologies.

15. As the middle class grew larger and more influential, trade became even more important and Europeans began to look for ways to increase profits by expanding trade.
The new ideas and new technologies, combined with a desire to profit through trade, helped lay the foundations of historical globalization.

18. New Ideas & Technology
From about the 9th to the 13th century, Middle Eastern civilizations were centers of innovation and learning.
Some new ideas and technologies were:
Sextant
Lateen
Gunpowder, which was invented in China, was first used in European warfare in 1324.
Astrolabe

19. Impact of Innovation
Think about the effects of each of these developments on trade and travel.
Record one prediction about the significant role each development might play in the growth of globalization.

20. EXPLORATION

21. Chavez Article

22. Global Competition for TRADE
Many European countries competing to establish colonies
especially those with strong seafaring traditions
building empires in the Americas and in Africa
= IMPERIALISM motivated by trade
(extending a country’s power by acquiring new territories and establishing control over other countries and people)

23. Trade

24. Land = People = Trade = $$$ = POWER
European Imperialism
Land = People = Trade = $$$ = POWER

25. Mercantilism
16th - 18th C. European governments strictly controlled trade
To ensure prosperity trade must favor the home country
Colonies = source of cheap raw materials
Prosperity = more exports then imports

26. England
“Canada”
CHEAP!

27. Decline of Mercantilism
18th C.
Dissatisfaction with mercantilism was strong in the 13 colonies
Colonists rebelled, Revolution began
Result:
War of Independence = new independent nation of the United States of America
Development of capitalism (Adam Smith)

28. Dividing up the world
European powers: British, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese
Established large colonial empires by 1770
Believed own customs, culture, belifs were superior to those of the Indigenous peoples they met
Displased them, enslaved them
Military advantage (guns, cannons)
Since many Indigenous people did not have new technologies or a centralized government they were easily over thrown.

29. Read p 123 Ideas as a class
Exploration Film

30. Effects of Colonial Settlements
Once European countries established colonies, they encouraged settlers to emigrate/STAY on newly acquired lands
People to __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reduce conflict at home
Establish European customs and culture
Displaced the Indigenous peoples = _____________________________________

31. CONSEQUENCES OF HISTORICAL GLOBALIZATION

33. Results of Contact
When Imperialism occurred Indigenous people where always sacrificed.
Examples include:
Aztec people in Mexico
First Nations in North America
In both ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

34. Different ways of dealing with Indigenous Peoples…
When Europeans and Indigenous peoples first met… Didn’t have info about each other
Europeans thought they found INDIA… hence calling them Indians
Indigenous __________________________________________________________________________

35. Ex: Canada – French, British after FUR
In many cases, survival of Indigenous & Europeans depended on their relationships
Ex: Canada – French, British after FUR
Didn't’t know the way around, or how to survive forests…
Relied on _____________________________________
= mutually beneficial trading relationship
Furs for trade goods (tools, utensils, weapons, decorative items)
Ex: Mexico & Aztecs
Lived in area where gold could be mined
Gold ____________________________________
Aztecs lost battle for gold
Survivors enslaved to __________________________

36. Bartolome de Las Casas Spanish priest/historian
Took part in conquest of Cuba… BUT disgusted by cruelty he witnessed
Devoted his life to try securing justice for Indigenous peoples
Thought Indigenous peoples were true owners of the land
Tried to __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DIDN’T WORK
Today: honored in Spain and some former colonies – one of first Europeans to defend Indigenous Peoples.

37. 1. Diseases
Believed that contagious diseases imported with European soldiers and settlers took the greatest toll on Indigenous people
_____________________________________

38. 2. Slavery Existed in many civilizations
Growing demand for ________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Changes in Slavery:
Chattel slavery = ________________________
Slaves & descendants were private property of owner
No legal rights
Indigenous peoples & Captures Africans
Enslaved for racial origins

39. Slave Work Slaves not allowed to learn to read/write
Worked in harsh, brutal conditions
Little control over lives

41. Slaves crammed into a ship
Month long voyage across ocean
People fed little
Lie in own filth

42. 3. The Grand Exchange
Columbus  Americas 1493  Foods: seeds, fruit tress, livestock
_____________________________________

43. Ex: Sunflowers (native to Great Plains N.A)
Exported to Europe
Russia ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Traded oil for wheat, barley and oats from N. A
Ex: Coffee
Africa, Arabia
Imported to Americas
Became _______________________________________
Ex: Cacao (Tropical America)
Exported to Europe  chocolate

44. YUMMMMMYYYY These crops started out as luxuries
Grown in such __________________________________________________________________________
Changed the diet of entire societies all over the world

46. 4. The Industrial Revolution
Improved technology  ____________________
Economic, social, cultural effects
1750
Britain
High demand for goods (consumers)
Industrial ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks to steam-powered engine invention

47. Steam-powered Engine
Other inventors _________________________________________________________________________________the manufacturing process

48. Until then, manufacturing occurred in peoples homes

49. Spinning Jenny & Power Loom
Before:
10 spinners needed to make enough thread for one weaver
1764:
Spinning Jenny invented
Spinners keeping up with weavers
Few Years later:
Power Loom invented
Weavers make more cloth more quickly

50. Factory Work New machines = ______________________
Many workers to operate
Only rich could afford
Built factories
Cheap ________________________________________________________________________________________________
Traditional crafts-peoples driven out of work
FACTORY WORK  change economic, social, cultural change

51. FACTORY WORK  ________________________________________________________________________________________
Industry became mechanized
Britain : First to industrialize
by 1830: leading industrial power
Producing _____________________