1. 1 Clavicle bone 1- Shaft: Lateral one third: Lateral one third: Convex backward to meet the scapula. Medial end: Medial end: Convex forward to give room behined and below the behined and below the clavicle for passage of large vessels and nerves between neck and axilla. 1 2 3

2. 2 Clavicle bone 2-Medial end: Enlarged. Enlarged. 3-Lateral end: Flattened. Flattened. 1 2 3

3. 3 scapula Anterior view Posterior view

4. 4 Surfaces of scapula Anterior surface: Anterior surface: Directed forward and medially, because of the oblique plane of the scapula. Directed forward and medially, because of the oblique plane of the scapula. Slightly concave and forms the scapular fossa. Slightly concave and forms the scapular fossa. It shows three or four ridges for the origin of subscapularis muscle. It shows three or four ridges for the origin of subscapularis muscle. 2. Posterior surface: Directed backward and laterally. Directed backward and laterally. Slightly convex. Slightly convex. Scapula

5. 5 Borders of scapula 1. Lateral border: Thick rough border. 2. Medial border: Thin border. 3. Superior border: Thin and sharp. Scapula

6. 6 Angles of scapula 1. Inferior angle Acute angle and over the 7 th rib or 7 th intercostal space. 2. Superior angle Nearly a right and lies over the 2 nd rib. 3. Lateral angle Broadened and may be regarded as the head of scapula and is connected to the flat body by a slightly constricted neck Scapula

7. 7 Processes of scapula 1. Spine of scapula: Is a horizontal shelf-like process projecting backward from the upper part of dorsal surface. 2. Acromion process: It is a rectangular process which projects upward and forward as a continuation of the lateral end of the crest of the spine. Scapula

8. 8 Humerus 1. Upper end: Consists of head, anatomical neck, lesser tuberosity, and greater tuberosity: Head: Head: 1. Forms less than half of a large sphere. 2. Directed upwards, backwards and medially to articulate with glenoid cavity. medially to articulate with glenoid cavity. Anatomical neck: Anatomical neck: 1. It is a faint constriction immediately adjoining the margin of the head. It is adjoining the margin of the head. It is relatively thick. Lesser tuberosity: Lesser tuberosity: 1. Projects forwards immediately below the anatomical neck. the anatomical neck. Greater tuberosity: Greater tuberosity: 1. Occupies the lateral part of the upper end of the humerus. end of the humerus. 2. Its anterior margin continues down 3. wards as lateral lip of bicipital groove. 1 2 3 1 2 3

9. 9 Humerus 2. Shaft: It has 3 borders and 3 surfaces: Borders: Anterior border: Anterior border: 1. In the upper part it becomes continuous with the lateral lip of bicipital groove. 2. It is smooth and rounded in lower half of the shaft. the shaft. Medial border: Medial border: 1. At the middle of the shaft, it presents a rough area for muscular rough area for muscular attachment (coraco-brachialis). Lateral border: Lateral border: 1. About the middle of the shaft, it is interrupted by the radial or spiral groove. interrupted by the radial or spiral groove.Surfaces: Anteromedial surface: Anteromedial surface:Smooth. Anterolateral surface: Anterolateral surface: Its middle part marked by rough area which called deltoid tuberosity. Posterior surface: Posterior surface: Its middle third is crossed by a wide, shalow groove (radial or spiral groove). 1 2 3 1 2 3

10. 10 Humerus 3. Lower end: It is expanded transversely and presents articular and non-articular portiobns: Articular portion: Articular portion: The condyle; conjoined capitulum and trochlia). capitulum and trochlia). It is divided by a faint groove into capitulum laterally and trochlea medially to and trochlea medially to articulate with radius and ulna forming the elbow joint. forming the elbow joint. Non-articular portion: Non-articular portion: Includes the medial and lateral epicondyles and the olecranon, epicondyles and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossa. 1 2 3 1 2 3

11. 11 ulna It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated. Upper end: Upper end: Massive hook-like with the cocavity of the hook directed forward. It has: hook directed forward. It has: 1. Olecranon process: The uppermost part of the bone. Its upper part bends forwards to form a prominent tip. 2. Coronoid process: Projects forward from the upper end of the shaft and its anterior tip is received into the coronoid fossa. coronoid fossa. 3. Trochlea notch: A deeply concave articular surface which articulates with trochlea of humerus to form articulates with trochlea of humerus to form part of elbow joint. part of elbow joint. 1 2 3

12. 12 ulna It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated. Shaft: Shaft: It has 3 surfaces and 3 borders. 1 2 3 Anterior surface. Medial surface. Posterior surface. Lateral border. Anterior border. Anterior border. Posterior border. Posterior border.

13. 13 ulna It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated. Lower end: Lower end: Formed of head and styloid process: 1. Head: Is rounded. 2. Styloid process: A short rounded projection. 1 2 3

14. 14 Radius It is the lateral bone of the forearm. Radial head: Radial head: Is disc shaped. Is disc shaped. Articulates with the capitulum Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus to form part of the elbow joint. 2. Shaft: Gently curved being convex Gently curved being convexlaterally. 3 1 2

15. 15 Radius 3. Lower end: A flattened expanded end having five surface: Anterior surface. Anterior surface. Posterior surface. Posterior surface. Lateral surface. Lateral surface. Medial surface. Medial surface. Inferior surface. Inferior surface. 3 1 2

16. 16 Hand bones 1. Carpal bones: 8 in number and are arranged in two rows: two rows: Proximal row: Proximal row: Scaphoid bone. Scaphoid bone. Lunate bone. Lunate bone. Triquitral bone. Triquitral bone. Pisiform bone. Pisiform bone. Distal row: Distal row: Trapezium Trapezium Trapezoid Trapezoid Capitate Capitate Hamate Hamate 1 2 3 3 2

17. 17 Hand bones 2. Metacarpal bones: Are five bones numbered from one to five, from the thumb to the little finger. 3. Phalanges: The thumb has two phalanges while each of the other finger while each of the other finger has three phalanges. has three phalanges. 1 2 3 3 2

18. 18 Muscles of upper limbs 1. Deltoid Function: *Anterior fibers: flexion Shoulder. #Middle fibers: abduct Shoulder. Posterior fibers: extend Shoulder. * #

19. 19 1. Biceps brachii Function: flex the Function: flex theElbow 2. Triceps Function: extend the elbow Function: extend the elbow 1 Muscles of upper limbs 2

20. 20 Flexors of wrist and fingers: Flexors of wrist and fingers: 1. Superficial group: Pronator teres. Pronator teres. Flexor carpi radialis. Flexor carpi radialis. Palmaris longus. Palmaris longus. Flexor carpi ulnaris. Flexor carpi ulnaris. Flexor digitorum superficialis. Flexor digitorum superficialis. 2. Deep group: Flexor pollicis longus. Flexor pollicis longus. Flexor digitorum profundus. Flexor digitorum profundus. Pronator quadratus. Pronator quadratus. Muscles of upper limbs

21. 21 Extensors of wrist and fingers Extensors of wrist and fingers 1. Superficial group: Brachioradialis. Brachioradialis. Extensor carpi radialis longus. Extensor carpi radialis longus. Extensor carpi radialis brevis. Extensor carpi radialis brevis. Extensor digitorum. Extensor digitorum. Extensor digiti minimi Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Anconeus. Anconeus. 2. Deep group: Supinator. Supinator. Abductor pollicis longus. Abductor pollicis longus. Extensor pollicis brevis. Extensor pollicis brevis. Extensor pollicis longus. Extensor pollicis longus. Extensor indicis. Extensor indicis. Muscles of upper limbs

22. 22 Joint of upper limbs Shoulder joint: Shoulder joint: 1. Type: synovial, ball and socket. 2. Articulation between Head of humerus and glenoid cavity. cavity. 3. Movements allowed: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation.

23. 23 Joint of upper limbs Elbow joint: Elbow joint: 1. Type: synovial, hinge joint. 2. Articulation between Capitulum of humerus Capitulum of humerus and head of radius. Trochlea of humerus Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna. 3. Movements allowed: Flexion and extension.

24. 24 Joints of upper limbs Wrist joint: Wrist joint: 1. Type: synovial, biaxial joint. 2. Articulation between lower end of radius and lower end of radius and carpal bones( scaphoid, carpal bones( scaphoid, lunate, and triquitral). 3. Movements allowed: Flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation.

25. 25 Rib cage and sternum Rib cage is composed of: Rib cage is composed of: 1. Sternum: Is commonly known as the breastbone and is divided into three areas: Manubrium with Manubrium with suprasternal notch. Body with costal notches Body with costal notches Xiphoid process. Xiphoid process. Manubrium Body xiphoid

26. 26 Rib cage and sternum 2. Ribs: Which attached to Which attached to transverse process of vertebra. The bend in the rib is The bend in the rib is known as the rib angle. known as the rib angle. Rib Transverse process

27. 27 Hip bone It is a large bone formed of 3 parts: 1- Ilium: forms the upper 2/5 of the hip bone. 2- Ischium: forms the lower and posterior 2/5 of the hip bone. 3-Pubis: forms the anterior 1/5 of the hip bone. 1 2 3

28. 28 Right and left differentiation Look to: Iliac crest Iliac crest lies above Acetabulum Acetabulum lies laterally Ischial tuberosity Ischial tuberosity lies below and behind lies below and behind

29. 29 The femur The longest bone of the body 45 cm forming the skeleton of the thigh. It consists of; 1-Upper end; head, neck, and two trochanters. The head: It is spherical in shape; directed upward, forward and medially. The neck: It is 5cm long. It joins the shaft at the neck shaft angle which is about 110°-140°. 1 2 3

30. 30 The femur The grater trochanter: A quadrangular elevation which lies laterally at the junction of the neck with the shaft. The lesser trochanter: A conical projection which lies posterior-medially at the junction of the neck with the shaft. 1 2 3

31. 31 The femur 2-The shaft: Anteriorly: it is forward. Anteriorly: it is forward. Posteriorly: Posteriorly: A- the upper 1/3 of the shaft is bounded medially. B- the middle 1/3 shows a rough central ridge called linea aspera. C- the lower 1/3 is called popliteal surface. popliteal surface. 1 2 3

32. 32 The femur 3- lower end: It is expanded and consists It is expanded and consists of medial and lateral condyles which are fused anteriorly which are fused anteriorly to form a patellar surface and separated posteriorly to form an intercondylar fossa. 1 2 3

33. 33 Rt.and Lt. differentiation Look to; 1. The head lies above and medially 2. The shaft : convex and smooth anteriorly Linea aspera posteriorly

34. 34 Patella Triangular in shape; 3 borders and 2 surfaces Triangular in shape; 3 borders and 2 surfaces Base: it gives attachment to 3 Base: it gives attachment to 3 vasti and rectus femoris muscles. vasti and rectus femoris muscles. Apex: gives attachment to Apex: gives attachment to the patellar ligament.

35. 35 Patella Anterior surface: rough and Anterior surface: rough and subcutaneous. subcutaneous. Posterior surface: its upper part Posterior surface: its upper part is smooth and articular surface is smooth and articular surface divided by vertical ridge into a large lateral facet and smaller one.

36. 36 Rt. & LT. Look to; Look to; Base directs upward Base directs upward Apex directs downwards. Ant. surfaces; articular its lateral area is larger then medial Ant. surfaces; articular its lateral area is larger then medial

37. 37 Tibia Two ends and shaft: Two ends and shaft: 1-upper end: Tuberosity: a projection Tuberosity: a projection Which lies anteriorly and has A smooth upper part for attachment of patellar ligament. Medial condyle: it is larger Medial condyle: it is larger than the lateral one and its upper articular surface is oval. upper articular surface is oval. 1 2 3

38. 38 Tibia Lateral condyle: its upper Lateral condyle: its upper articular surface is circular. Intercondylar area: arough Intercondylar area: arough non articular area present between the 2 articular surfaces of the 2 condyles. surfaces of the 2 condyles.

39. 39 2- shaft: Triangular in cross section; it shows: 3 borders: anterior, medial 3 borders: anterior, medial and interosseus. 3 surfaces: medial, lateral 3 surfaces: medial, lateral and posterior. Tibia

40. 40 3-Lower end: It has 5 surfaces: 1-anterior surface: smooth. 2-posterior surface: has a vertical groove for the tendon of tibialis posterior. of tibialis posterior. 3-medial surface: smooth and subcutaneous, it projects subcutaneous, it projects downward forming the downward forming the medial malleolus. Tibia

41. 41 4-lateral surface: has a fibular notch to articulate with the lower end of fibula. 5-inferior surface: articulates with the body of talus at with the body of talus at the ankle joint. the ankle joint.Tibia

42. 42 Rt.& Lt. Look to; Condyles of tibia lie upward Condyles of tibia lie upward Tuberosity and shin of tibia lie anteriorly Tuberosity and shin of tibia lie anteriorly Medial malleolus lie downwards and medially Medial malleolus lie downwards and medially

43. 43 Foot Bones 1 2 3 1- Tarsus 2- Metatarsus 3-Phalanges

44. 44 Foot Bones 1 2 3 1- Tarsus: It is made of 7 bones arranged in 2 rows: Proximal row (talus above and calcaneus below). Distal row (consists of cuboid laterally, and 3 cuneiforms medially). In between 2 rows: the navicular bone lies medially.

45. 45 Foot Bones 1 2 3 2- metatarsus: It is formed of 5 metatarsal bones; one for each toe. The metatarsal bone has a base, a shaft and a head.

46. 46 Foot Bones 1 2 3 3- The phalanges: Each toe has 3 phalanges (exept the big toe which has only 2 phalanges). Each phalanx is formed of a base, a shaft and a head.

47. 47

48. 48 Muscles of lower limb Muscles of anterior aspect of Muscles of anterior aspect of the hip: Iliopsoas Iliopsoas Function: Function: Powerful flexion and medial rotation of the thigh upon the pelvis. 1

49. 49 Muscles of posterior Muscles of posterior aspect of the hip: Gluteus maximus Gluteus maximus Function: Function: extension of hip Muscles of lower limb 1

50. 50 Muscles of lateral aspect of the hip: Muscles of lateral aspect of the hip: 1. Glutues medius Function: Function: abducts the femur Muscles of lower limb 1

51. 51 Muscles of anterior aspect of the thigh: Muscles of anterior aspect of the thigh: Quadriceps femoris: Quadriceps femoris: 1. Rectus femoris, 2. vastus lateralis, 3. vastus medialis 4. vastus intermedius Function: Function: 1- powerful extension of the knee. 2- flexion of the hip joint through the rectus femoris. 3- the lower fibers of the vastus medialis help to stabilize the patella against the lateral help to stabilize the patella against the lateral pull induced by the ilio-tibial tract extends the pull induced by the ilio-tibial tract extends theknee 1 2 3 4 Muscles of lower limb

52. 52 Muscles of medial aspect of the thigh Muscles of medial aspect of the thigh 1. Adductor longus: 2. Adductor magnus: 3. Adductor brevis: Function: Adducts and medial rotates the thigh. Muscles of lower limb

53. 53 Muscles of posterior aspect of the thigh: Muscles of posterior aspect of the thigh: Hamstring: Hamstring: 1. Biceps femoris 2. Semimembranosus 3. Semitendinosus Function: Function: 1-The muscles flex and laterally rotate (biceps femoris), medial rotate (Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus) the leg at the knee joint. 2-The long head of biceps femoris alone extends alone extends the hip joint. Muscles of lower limb 2 1 3

54. 54 Muscles of anterior aspect of the leg: Muscles of anterior aspect of the leg: 1. Tibialis anterior Function: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot Inversion of foot. Inversion of foot. Maintain the medial longitudinal Maintain the medial longitudinal arch of foot. arch of foot. Muscles of lower limb 1

55. 55 Muscles of posterior aspect of the leg: Muscles of posterior aspect of the leg: 2. Gastrocnemius Function: It planterflexes of the ankle joint. It planterflexes of the ankle joint. It raises the heel during walking It raises the heel during walking and running. and running. It also flexes the knee joint. It also flexes the knee joint. 2 Muscles of lower limb

56. 56 Joints of lower limbs Hip joint: Hip joint: 1. Type: synonial, ball and socket. 2. Articulation between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

57. 57 Joints of lower limbs Knee joint: Knee joint: 1. Type: synovial, modified hinge joint. 2. Articulation between lower end femur and upper end of tibia

58. 58 Joints of lower limbs Ankle joints: Ankle joints: 1. Type: synovial, uniaxial joint. 2. Articulation inferior surfaces of Tibia and fibula with talus ( tarsal bone).

59. 59 Vertebral column Cervical vertebrae (7) Cervical vertebrae (7) Cervical vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae (12) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae (5) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae (5) Sacral vertebrae (5) Coccgyeal (4) Coccgyeal (4)

60. 60 Vertebrae Structure: Structure: 1. Body 2. Transverse process 3. Spinous process 4. Pedicle 5. Lamina 6. Vertebral foramen 1 2 3

61. 61 Vertebrae Spinous process Transverse process lamina Vertebral foramen pedicle Body Anterior Posterior

62. 62 Thank you