1. Formatting Output

2. Line Endings By now, you’ve noticed that the print( ) function will automatically print out a new line after passing all of the arguments However, you can avoid this by changing the end behavior inside the print function Example: print ( “one”, end = “” ) print ( “two”, end = “” ) >> onetwo

3. Line Endings It turns out, you can actually ask the print function to add whatever you’d like at the end of it’s execution print (“one”, end = “***” ) print (“two”, end = “ ” ) print (“three”, end = “ (: ” ) >> one***two three (:

4. Separating Arguments By now, you should’ve also noticed that the print function prints a space in between each argument that is passed through it This can also be avoided as well by a “sep” command in the print function Example: print (“one”, “two”, sep = “” ) >> onetwo

5. Separating Arguments More Examples: print (“hello world”, “!”, “?”, sep = “” ) >> hello world!? print (“one”, “two”, “three”, sep = “*” ) >> one*two*three

6. Combination You can combine these commands in a single print function Example: print (“a”, “b”, “c”, sep = “**”, end = “$” ) print (“d”, “e”, “f”, sep = “-”, end = “” ) >> a**b**c$d-e-f The order does not matter

7. Tab Command Another escape command is the tab command and it is denoted by “ \t ” This must be added inside a string Example: print (“First”, “\t”, “Second”, “\t”, “Third”) print (“10.9”, “\t”, “11.2”, “\t”, “11.4”) >> First Second Third 10.9 11.2 11.4

8. String Concatenation You cannot “add” strings together but we can concatenate them with the addition operator print (“Donald” + “Seok”) >> DonaldSeok print (“19” + “20”) >> 1920

9. String Repetition You can also “multiply” strings to print them out repeatedly Example: lyrics = “Fa ” + “La ” * 8 Print (lyrics) >> Fa La La La La La La La La

10. Formatting a String Python also has a format( ) command This command allows you to format a string and returns it as a new piece of data This can be done in a variable or directly in the print function

11. Formatting a String The format( ) function accepts two arguments The first argument is the piece of data you want to format (we will work with strings first) The second argument is the formatting pattern you would like it to follow

12. Formatting a String One common pattern of formatting is to ensure that a string has a known number of characters For example, let’s say you want your output to look like this: NameClass Donald Seok Computer Programming

13. Formatting a String NameClass Donald Seok Computer Programming You’ll need the strings “Name” and “Donald Seok” to have the same number of characters in them so that the strings “Class” and “Computer Programming” will align perfectly after them

14. Formatting a String Something to keep in mind: Python spaces each character the same, regardless of actual character width Example: “hello” “WQWQW” “I I I” - These all have the same string width in Python

15. Formatting a String We can achieve this task by adding extra spaces to either the beginning or the end of a string Example: x = format (“Name”, “<20s”) This generates a string with 20 characters, which means Python will add 16 spaces after the 4 characters in the word “Name” The “<“ character means left justify the string and place extra spaces at the “end” of the new string

16. Formatting a String You guessed it … you can also tell Python to right justify the string and add spaces to the beginning of the string Example: x = format (“Name”, “>20s”) print (x) >> Name ^ 16 blank characters

17. Formatting a String So, let’s try making that output: word_name = format (“Name”, “<20s”) my_name = format(“Donald Seok”, “<20s”) print ( word_name, “Class”) print ( my_name, “Computer Programming”) >> NameClass Donald Seok Computer Programming

18. Formatting Numbers The format( ) command also works on numbers However, it is important to keep in mind that the number, whether integer or float, will be returned as a string from the function

19. Formatting Numbers This command would’ve come in handy when we were writing programs that printed out prices This is what we’re used to seeing: a = 1 / 3 Print (a) >> 0.3333333333333333

20. Formatting Numbers Now, using the format function: a = 1 / 3 b = format ( a, “.2f” ) print (b) >> 0.33 #The number denotes the number of characters you would like to remain after the decimal point

21. Formatting Patterns a = 100000 / 6 print ( format( a, “.3f” ) ) # 3 digits after “.” >> 16666.666 print ( format( a, “,.3f” ) ) # 3 digits and commas >> 16,666.666 print ( format( a, “>20,.3f” ) ) # 3 digits, commas and 20 >> 16,666.666characters, right justified

22. Formatting Percentages a = 0.52 print ( format( a, “ % ” ) ) # convert to percentage >> 52.000000 % multiply by 100 print ( format( a, “.2% ” ) ) # percentage with 2 digits >> 52.00 %after decimal point print ( format( a, “.0% ” ) ) # percentage as integer >> 52 %

23. Formatting Integer a = 20000 print ( format( a, “,d ” ) ) # add commas >> 20,000 print ( format( a, “ >20, ” ) ) # add commas and 20 >> 20,000 characters, right justified

24. Programming Challenge Write a program that asks the user for three cars, three different interest rates, and three prices Print an output like this: Car NameInterest Rate Price BMW 3.0% $ 79,435.60 Mercedes Benz4.2% $ 119,324.54 Bentley 6.5% $234,674.93