1. 5-1 CHAPTER 5 Risk and Rates of Return

2. 5-2 5.1 Rates of Return Holding Period Return: Rates of Return over a given period Suppose the price of a share is currently $100, and your time horizon is one year. You expect the cash dividend during the year to be $4. Your best guess about the price of the share is to be $110 after one year from now. So,

3. 5-3 Measuring Investment Return over Multiple Period Year Annual Holding Period Return 20000.2 20010.05 2002-0.05 20030.15 20040.3 Arithmetic Mean(20+5-5+15+30)/5=0.13 Geometric Mean (1.2*1.05*.95*1.15*1.3) 1/5 -1 =0.1

4. 5-4 5.2 Risk and Return Risk is the concept of fluctuations. This fluctuations can be (i) a deviation of the actual return from the expected return, or (ii) a deviation of average return from the year to year return. Higher the fluctuations, higher is the risk. Measures of risk are: i. Standard Deviation ii. Coefficient of Variance iii. Beta

5. 5-5 Calculation of Risk-Return

6. 5-6 Calculation of Risk-Return (Historical Data) YearReturn (%)Dev. (R i -E(R))Dev. Square 200020749 20015-864 2002-5-18324 20031524 20043017289 Mean Return=13% Sum of Dev sq= 730 Stand.Deviation 2 730/(5-1)=182.5 Stand.Deviation= Square root (182.5)= 13.5%

7. 5-7 Calculation of Risk-Return: Scenario Analysis (Probability Distribution) State of Economy Probability (P i ) Return (R i ) (%) Exp. Value (P i *R i ) Deviation (R i -E(R)) Deviation SquareDev sq* P i Boom 0.25256.25 (25-13.25) =11.75 (11.25) 2 =138.0625 (138*.25) =34.52 Normal 0.5147 (14-13.25) =0.75 (0.75) 2 =0.5625 (.56*.5) =0.28 Recession 0.2500 (0-13.25) =-13.25 (-13.25) 2 =175.5625 (175*.25) =43.89 13.25% 78.69 Return =13.25% Risk=8.9% Stand Dev8.87

8. 5-8 Figure:5.3:Normal Distribution A normal distribution looks like a bell-shaped curve. Probability 99.74% – 3  – 13.36% – 2  – 4.5% – 1  4.4% 0 13.25% + 1  22.12% + 2  31% + 3  39.86% Mean=13.25% Standard Deviation=8.87% 68.26% 95.44%

9. 5-9 5.3 THE HISTORICAL RECORD Bills, Bonds, and Stocks:1926-2006

10. 5-10 Figure 5.1 Frequency Distributions of Holding Period Returns

11. 5-11 Probability distributions With the same average return more standard deviation means more risk. Shown graphically. Note that as risk increases height goes down and width increases. Expected Rate of Return Rate of Return (%) 100150-70 Firm X Firm Y

12. 5-12 Effectiveness of Diversification of Portfolio ClimateProbability Return of Umbrella Return Ice-cream Portfolio Return Rainy0.2525-510 Moderate0.5141012 Dry0.250157.5 E(R) = 13.3%7.5%10.4% Risk 8.9%7.5%1.9%

13. 5-13 Portfolio Effects on Risk and Return

14. 5-14 Optimum portfolio and CML: Given the feasible set highest possible utility function gives us O.P. and the tangency is CML. Return Risk (σ) CML Feasible set Lending Borrowing U1U1 O.P

15. 5-15 Investor attitude towards risk Risk aversion – assumes investors dislike risk and require higher rates of return to encourage them to hold riskier securities. Risk premium – the difference between the return on a risky asset and less risky asset, which serves as compensation for investors to hold riskier securities.

16. 5-16 Risk Premiums and Risk Aversion If T-Bill denotes the risk-free rate, r f, and variance,, denotes volatility of returns then: The risk premium of a portfolio is: To quantify the degree of risk aversion with parameter A: If the risk premium of a portfolio is 8%, and the standard deviation is 20%, then risk aversion of the investor is: A=.08/(.5x.2 2 )=4. Compare this with risk premium of 10%, and A=.1/(.5x.2 2 )=5

17. 5-17 The Sharpe (Reward-to-Volatility) Measure

18. 5-18 Coefficient of Variation (CV) A standardized measure of dispersion about the expected value, that shows the risk per unit of return. When, both return and risk increase then coefficient of variance (CV) should be used.

19. 5-19 Use of coefficient of variance Example: We have 2 alternatives to invest. Security A has a mean return of 10% and a standard deviation of 6%, and security B has a mean return of 13% with a standard deviation of 8%. Which investment is better. So, security A is better as the Coefficient of variance of A is less than the that of B.

20. 5-20 5.4 INFLATION AND REAL RATES OF RETURN

21. 5-21 Real vs. Nominal Rates Fisher effect: Approximation Let,nominal rate=R Real rate=r Inflation rate (CPI)=i nominal rate = real rate + inflation rate: R ≈ r + i or r = R - i Example r = 3%, i = 6% R = 9% = 3% + 6% or 3% = 9% - 6% Fisher Effect: 2.83% = (9%-6%) / (1.06)

22. 5-22 5.5 ASSET ALLOCATION ACROSS RISKY AND RISK-FREE PORTFOLIOS

23. 5-23 Risk tolerance: Slope of Indifference curves Return Conservative Normal Aggressive Risk (σ) 15% 10% 7% 6%

24. 5-24 Optimum portfolio with different risk tolerance Return Conservative Normal Aggressive Risk ( σ) CML Efficient Frontier σmσm RmRm

25. 5-25 Risk Aversion and Allocation Greater levels of risk aversion lead to larger proportions of the risk free rate Lower levels of risk aversion lead to larger proportions of the portfolio of risky assets Willingness to accept high levels of risk for high levels of returns would result in leveraged combinations

26. 5-26 Possible to split investment funds between safe and risky assets Risk free asset: proxy; T-bills Risky asset: stock (or a portfolio) Issues Examine risk/ return tradeoff Demonstrate how different degrees of risk aversion will affect allocations between risky and risk free assets Allocating Capital

27. 5-27 The Risky Asset: Text Example (Page 149) Total portfolio value = $300,000 Risk-free value = 90,000 Risky (Vanguard and Fidelity) = 210,000 Vanguard (V) = 54% =$113,400 Fidelity (F) = 46% = $96,600 Total =$210,000 y=210,000/300,000=0.7 (portfolio in risky assets) 1-y=90,000/300,000=0.3 (proportion of Risk-free investment) Vanguard113,400/300,000 = 0.378 Fidelity 96,600/300,000 = 0.322 Portfolio P210,000/300,000 = 0.700 Risk-Free Assets F 90,000/300,000 = 0.300 Portfolio C300,000/300,000 = 1.000

28. 5-28 Change in risk exposure (p.150) Suppose, the investor decides to decrease the risk exposure from 0.7 to 0.56. Now, the risky portfolio would be=0.56*300,000=$168,000 This requires a sale of (210,000-168,000)=$42,000 of risky holdings, and use the sale proceeds to purchase risk-free asset How would the investment of risky asset change? Sale of Vanguard=42,000*.54=$22,680; New Vanguard holding=113,400-22,680=$90,720 Sale of Fidelity=42,000*.46=$19,320 New Fidelity holding=96,600-19,320=$77,280 Total Vanguard & Fidelity=90,720+77,280=$168,000 y=168,000/300,000=.56

29. 5-29 Capital Allocation Line (CAL) (Test of linearity)

30. 5-30 Figure 5.5 Investment Opportunity Set with a Risk-Free Investment

31. 5-31 CAL and CML return PP rfrf CML CAL 1 CAL 2 CAL 3 CAL 4 Efficient Frontier RmRm mm CAL 1 is dominant over CAL 2, CAL 2 is dominant over CAL 3. CML is dominant over CAL 1.

32. 5-32 5.6 PASSIVE STRATEGIES AND THE CAPITAL MARKET LINE

33. 5-33 Table 5.5 Average Rates of Return, Standard Deviation and Reward to Variability

34. 5-34 Use of historical data to predict CML Use of old data is popular Old data may not be representative for future Weight of old data keeps changing Correction of old data for future is largely subjective, but customary.

35. 5-35 Costs and Benefits of Passive Investing Active strategy entails costs Free-rider benefit Involves investment in two passive portfolios Short-term T-bills Fund of common stocks that follows a broad market index. Diversification can be based on asset allocation like industry classification, large and small firms, local and foreign firms