1. 1 Cartographers draw the earth’s surface features, land formations, and water sources. This is the way they depicted the world in the sixteenth century (1500s). *What do cartographers make?

2. 2 *What allowed the Europeans to sail great distances?

3. Who was First! Portugal was the first country to use new technology for sea travel. They took the lead in European exploration and brought spices back to Europe. 3

4. Exploration: In 1420, Prince Henry the Navigator established a school for navigators to use new tools (compass, astrolabe--star chart) He sponsored Portuguese fleets that sailed along the western coast of Africa. Sails that allowed ships to move against the wind were invented. They found gold. Europeans called the southern coast of West Africa the Gold Coast. 4

5. 5 Aztec Empire Maya Empire Iroquois League of nations Mali Empire What is a hemisphere? How is the earth divided into hemispheres?

6. 6 Around Africa to India! In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africa looking for a route to India. Vasco da Gama made the trip to the Bay of Bengal and the port of Calcutta in India in 1498. –He took on a cargo of spices and returned to make a profit of several thousand percent. –The route became well traveled.

7. 7 Profit Think about this example: –If the Portuguese navigator purchased 20 bushels of spices for 5 Escudos ($) each, how much did he pay for the supply? Now he sails back to the homeland in Europe, bringing those 20 bushels of spices. –He sells each of the bushels for 1200 Escudos each! –How much profit does he make on the sale of spices? Get Rich! Buy low! Sell high! Invest money to make money! Make money in a business!

8. 8 Portugal Spain India China

9. 9 In Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand married to unite two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. –The Spanish crown had “extra” money to invest in exploration. In 1492, Isabella paid for the voyages of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbol Colón) who claimed land in the Americas for Spain. –In 1492 Columbus landed first in the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea. He claimed the land for Spain and called it San Salvador, or “Holy Savior.” –Then he reached and explored the coastline Cuba. –He believed he had reached Asia. In his four voyages he explored many Caribbean Islands and Honduras—all of which he called the Indies.

10. Treaty of Tordesillas –Spain claimed land west of the line. –Portugal claimed land east of the line. 10 For Spain For Portugal

11. 11 The Spanish explorers that conquered Mexico and Peru were warriors that served the monarchy (king and queen). They were known as conquistadors. Hernando Cortez lived from 1485 to 1547. Cortez fought the Aztec Empire in 1519. Cortez and his fellow conquistadors finally conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521. Francisco Pizarro in 1532 took control of the Incan Empire located in the Andes mountains of Peru.. Within 30 years, the western part of Latin America, as Europeans called it, was under Spanish control.

12. 12 The Spanish created a system of colonial administration called the encomienda, large tracks of land grants to be used as farms and plantations. Queen Isabella declared that the Native Americans (called Indians after the Spanish word Indios, or “inhabitants of the Indies”) were her subjects. The Spanish were supposed to protect Native Americans, but few of the Conquistadors worried about them. – Forced labor, starvation, and disease killed many of the Native Americans. –European diseases ravaged the native populations because they lacked immunity to such diseases as smallpox. Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million to 1 million.

13. 13 A population under attack! The Native Americans did not have immunity to diseases that the Europeans brought like smallpox and measles. Many Native Americans were worked to death on plantations. Large numbers of Native Americans were killed because they refused to become Christians. The conquest of the Americas resulted in large scale genocide of Native Americans. –“geno” refers to a group or race. “cide” means kill.

14. 14 Colonists in New Spain set up plantations to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, and livestock. Native agricultural products such as potatoes, cocoa, corn, and tobacco were also shipped to Europe. The exchange of products, goods, technology, new ideas, customs, as well as diseases is called cultural diffusion. Merchants and traders have always contributed to the spread of news, technology and products between different groups of people. The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas is known as the Columbian exchange, an important example of cultural diffusion. A colony is a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and governmental control. Colonies and trading posts greatly increased international trade. Merchants brought products from the mother country (homeland) to the colonists. The colonists were suppose to buy products from the motherland. Define: colony / colonist / cultural diffusion Why did governments that controlled colonies want their colonists to buy products from their merchants?

15. 15 Colonies played an important role in the theory of mercantilism, a set of economic principles that dominated seventeenth-century economic thought. According to this theory, a nation’s prosperity depended on a large supply of gold and silver as profit. The profits gave a country a favorable balance of trade. To get a favorable balance of trade the mother country had to sell more products through exports to colonies and other countries than they bought in imports from other countries. MORE PROFITS BY EXPORTS! Less spending on imports! They placed high tariffs (taxes) on foreign goods to keep them out of the parent country and their colonies. Define: import / export / taxes / tariffs / subsidy How did the economic system of mercantilism work?

16. 16 Colonies were important as sources of raw materials for the parent country (the mother country or father country). –Raw materials are the natural resources needed to make products. –What are the raw materials for: wool? tables and chairs? guns? The parent country used colonies as markets (market=trading or selling of goods) for the finished goods, goods made--manufactured--produced, in the parent country. –Thus the pattern was: raw materials were used to make goods in the parent country the goods manufactured and made were sent to be sold in the colonies *How did the parent country attempt to control the economy of the colonies?

17. 17 God –spread of Catholic Church –religious zeal Gold –desire for material wealth –to increase economy of parent country Glory –to make their empire stronger –to have more power Reasons for Exploration: The Spanish and Portuguese had three goals. –A missionary spirit to take Christianity to new lands. This religious zeal led many missionaries to come to the Americas to spread their religion. God… –To increase personal and country wealth. Gold… –To strengthen the empire and win renown for themselves. Glory… WHY? * Design a cartoon that illustrates the reasons, motivations, for Spanish exploration. Put the information in the cartoon.

18. 18 The Columbian Exchange: –The Spaniards called the Americas a “New World.” –As a result of Columbus, foodstuff and other products were taken to Europe and Africa. Foods like corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, cocoa beans were moved to Europe and Africa from the Americas. The diet of western Europe and Africa changed because of the introduction of new foodstuff from the Native Americans. Precious metals such as gold and silver were also moved to Europe and increased the wealth of the parent country. Tobacco was also exchanged and became popular in Europe.

19. 19 NEW WORLD Foodstuffs: corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, squash, cocoa beans, vanilla Precious Metals: gold, silver Tobacco OLD WORLD Foodstuffs: wheat, sugar,rice, coffee beans Livestock: cattle, horses, pigs Diseases: smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus From the Americas to Europe From Europe to Americas

20. 20