1. The Fungi Chapter 23

2. The Fungi 2OutlineCharacteristics  Structure  Reproduction Evolution  Sac Fungi  Yeasts  Club Fungi  Smuts and Rusts  Imperfect Fungi Symbiotic Relationships

3. The Fungi 3 Characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom Fungi contains 80,000 spp Mostly multicellular eukaryotes that share a common mode of nutrition  Heterotrophic  Cells release digestive enzymes and then absorb resultant nutrient molecules Some are parasitic Several have mutualistic relationship

4. The Fungi 4 Structure of Fungi Body (thallus) of most fungi is multicellular mycelium (yeasts are unicellular)  Consists of a vast network of thread-like hyphae ­Septate fungi have hyphae with cross walls ­Nonseptate fungi are multinucleated ­Hyphae grow from tip  Give the mycelium a large surface area per unit volume Cell walls of chitin, like insect exoskeleton Excess food stored as glycogen as in animals Possibly evolved from red algae - both lack flagella

5. 5 Mycelia and Hyphae of Fungi

6. The Fungi 6 Reproduction of Fungi Both sexual (in most) and asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction involves three stages:  Haploid Hyphae  Dikaryotic Stage  Diploid Zygote

7. The Fungi 7 Reproduction of Fungi During sexual reproduction, hyphae from two different mating types fuse  Hyphae that contain paired haploid nuclei are said to be dikaryotic  Nuclear fusion produces diploid nucleus, which produces haploid windblown spores by meiosis  Spores germinate directly into haploid hyphae without embryological development Asexual reproduction usually involves the production of windblown spores Unicellular yeasts reproduce by budding

8. 8 Dispersal of Spores

9. The Fungi 9 Diversity of Fungi: Zygomycota Zygospore Fungi Phylum Zygomycota  Mainly saprotrophs decomposing animal and plant remains  Black bread mold - Rhizopus stolonifer

10. 10 Black Bread Mold, Rhizopus stolonifer

11. The Fungi 11 Diversity of Fungi: Zygomycota Life cycle  Hyphae of opposite mating types grow toward each other  Hyphae swell at tips; cross walls develop behind each end; form gametangia  Gametangia merge resulting in a large multi-nucleate cell ­Nuclei of the two mating types pair and then fuse ­A thick wall develops around the zygospore  The zygospore becomes dormant for period  Sporangiophore(s) then sporangia develop, spores released  Spores dispersed by air currents; germinate into mycelia

12. The Fungi 12 Diversity of Fungi: Sac Fungi Phylum Ascomycota - about 60,000 species of sac fungi Most are saprotrophs that digest resistant materials containing cellulose, lignin, or collagen Most are composed of septate hyphae Neurospora, experimental organism for the one-gene- one-enzyme studies Morels and truffles, famous gourmet delicacies revered throughout the world Many plant diseases: Powdery mildews; leaf curl fungi; ergot of rye; chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease Aspergillus and Candida cause serious human infections Aspergillus and Candida cause serious human infections Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium) is source of penicillin

13. The Fungi 13 Sac Fungi: Reproduction - Asexual Life cycle Asexual reproduction is the norm  Yeasts usually reproduce by budding ­A small bulge forms on side of cell ­Receives a nucleus and gets pinched off and becomes full size  The other ascomycetes produce spores called conidia or conidiospores  Vary in size and shape and may be multicellular  Conidia usually develop at the tips of conidiophores ­Conidiophores differ in appearance and are diagnostic ­Conidia are windblown ­Conidia of Cladosporium cause allergies - concentrations of more than 35,000 conidia/m 3 over Leiden (Germany)

14. 14 Asexual Reproduction in Sac Fungi

15. The Fungi 15 Sac Fungi: Reproduction - Sexual Life cycle, cont. Sexual reproduction  Ascus refers to the fingerlike sac that develops during sexual reproduction  Asci usually surrounded and protected by sterile hyphae within an ascocarp ­In cup fungi, ascocarps are cup-shaped ­In morels they are stalked and are pitted like the surface of the moon  Haploid hyphae fuse to make diploid nucleus  Mitosis and then meiosis produces 8 ascospores

16. 16 Sexual Reproduction in Sac Fungi

17. 17 Black Mold

18. 18 Tineas

19. The Fungi 19 Sac Fungi: Reproduction - Yeasts Term “yeasts” is loosely applied to unicellular fungi, many of which are ascomycetes Budding is common form of asexual reproduction  Sexual reproduction results in the formation of asci and ascospores  When some yeasts ferment, they produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

20. The Fungi 20 Diversity of Fungi: The Club Fungi Phylum Basidomycota – 22,000 spp Familiar toadstools, mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, stinkhorns – some deadly poisonous Also plant diseases such as the smuts and rusts Mycelium composed of septate hyphae

21. The Fungi 21 The Club Fungi: Reproduction Usually reproduce sexually Haploid hyphae fuse, forming a dikaryotic (n + n) mycelium Dikaryotic mycelium forms fruiting bodies called basidiocarps  Contain club-shaped structures called basidia  Nuclear fusion followed by meiosis produces basidiospores (up to 40,000,000 per hour)

22. 22 Club Fungi

23. 23 Club Fungi

24. The Fungi 24 The Club Fungi: Smuts and Rusts Smuts and rusts are club fungi that parasitize cereal crops  Great economic importance because of annual crop losses ­Do not form basidiocarps Life cycle of rusts often requires two different plant host species  Black stem rust of wheat uses barberry bushes  Blister rust of white pine uses currant and gooseberry bushes  Eliminating these bushes in crop areas keeps rusts in check  Wheat rust ­Controlled by breeding new resistant strains of wheat ­Requires continuous development, because rust can mutate

25. 25 Smuts & Rusts

26. The Fungi 26 Symbiotic Relationships: Lichens Symbiotic association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or green alga  Specialized fungal hyphae penetrate photosynthetic symbiont  Transfer nutrients directly to the fungus Possibly mutualistic, but fungal symbiont probably a parasite of photosynthetic symbiont  Photosynthetic symbiont independent  Fungal symbiont usually can’t grow alone

27. The Fungi 27 Symbiotic Relationships: Lichens Three morphological types  Compact crustose lichens - seen on bare rocks or on tree bark  Fruticose lichens – shrub-like  Foliose lichens - leaf-like Can live in areas of extreme conditions and contribute to soil formation Sensitive indicators of air pollution

28. 28 Lichen Morphology

29. The Fungi 29 Symbiotic Relationships: Mycorrhizae Mutualistic relationships between soil fungi and the roots of most familiar plants  Give plant greater absorptive surface  Help plants acquire mineral nutrients in poor soil Fungal symbiont usually a sac fungus  Hyphae may enter cortex of root, but not cytoplasm ­Ectomycorrhizae form a mantle that is exterior to the root, and they grow between cell walls. ­Endomycorrhizae penetrate only the cell walls Earliest fossil plants have mycorrhizae associated with them

30. The Fungi Ending Slide Chapter 23