1. Kaingu Catherine Kaluwa,Oduma J.A, Mbaria J.M., Kiama S.G 15 TH SYMPOSIUM OF NAPRECA 7-10 TH DECEMBER 2013, KHARTOUM, SUDAN

2. MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION (MSD) Includes erectile dysfunction (ED), sexual desire disorders, ejaculation disorders and infertility. Globally MSD afflicts 10% of men of all ages, ethnicities and cultural background (Patel et al., 2011). Prevalence rises 50% btw ages 50-70 years MSD expected to affect 322 million men by 2025.

3. ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED) Global prevalence 9-29%. Causes: Age, depression, medications, alcohol, obesity, smoking, diabetis, hypertension, physiological or psychological Management: sildenafil citrate (£ 2 billion per year) Challenges: side effects, costs, competition, counterfeit, contraindicated in some d’se condition

4. HYPOACTIVE SEX DRIVE (HSD) Lack or absence of sexual desire for; must cause severe distress to individual and interpersonal difficulties to partner. It could be situational, acquired or lifelong. Globally afflicts 15% adult men Causes depression, drugs and medications, alcohol, diabetis, stress, anxiety, hormonal imbalances, psychological Management: situation based

5. EJACULATION DISORDER It is the most common MSD. Could be early, retarded or absent Global prevalence 20-30% (18-59 years) Associated causes: neurological disease, anxiety, depression, low self esteem, androgen deficiency, among others

6. MALE INFERTILITY Causes: anatomical, physiological, psychological factors, lifestyle factors (tobacco, drug and or alcohol abuse), health problems, radiation/chemotherapy, environmental factors (pesticides, lead). Management: situation based

7. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To identify and document male sexual dysfunctions in Tana River and medicinal plants for their management.

8. The map of Tana River County, Kenya (Source: Department of Geography University of Nairobi). Arrow points at area of study: Garsen, Itsowe and Ngao subdivisions. METHODOLOGY Ethno botanical survey  Questionnaire informed consent  Focused group discussions  Field excursions

9. RESULTS  80 practicing herbalists interviewed  19 species belonging to 15 genera and 13 families were documented  84% roots; 16% root bark  Plant parts boiled in water  Dosage: 150ml to 300ml to effect; some up to 30 days  Route: oral

10. RESULTS  46.7% used to manage HSD  40.0 % to manage ED  40.0 % to treat infertility  13.3% treated all three conditions ED, HSD and infertility

11. Number of plant families documented for management of male sexual dysfunction and infertility.

12. Percentage number of plants used to treat sexual dysfunction in Garsen, Itsowe and Ngao within Tana River County. Key: HSD hypoactive sex drive; ED-erectile dysfunction

13. Medicinal plant species cross reference to published literature on ethno pharmacological use. Kaingu et al 2013

15. Plant FamilyPopularity (use value in %) Combretum Illairii EnglCombretaceae18.25 Grewia tenax (forssk.) Fiori Tiliaceae18.25 Cissampelos micronata. A. Rich Menispermaceae15 Cassia abbreviate Caesalpiniaceae15 Cissus rotundifolia (forsk.)Vitaceae12.5 Plectranthus barbatus Andr. Labiatae12.5 Markhamia zanzibaricaBignoniaceae12.5 Uvaria acuminata olivAnnonaceae12.5 Abrus precaterius L.sp africana verde Papilionaceae11.25

16. PlantFamilyPopularity (use value in %) Capparis sepiaria Var. caffraOlacaceae10 Grewia plagiophylla. K. SchumTiliaceae10 Allophylus pervilleria (A.Rich) Engl. Sapidaceae7.5 Hoslundia opposita VahlLabiatae7.5 Cadaba glandulosa forsk.Capparaceae7.5 Combretum hereroense Schinz. Combretaceae6.25

17. The plant remedies described in this study represents valuable indigenous knowledge (IK) and could prove useful as treatment for MSD and infertility. MSD and infertility is a significant problem in Tana River. The study provides baseline data for further investigation CONCLUSION

18. Reference Kaingu C.K., Oduma J.A., Mbaria J.M., Kiama S.G., 2013. Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used For the Management of Male Sexual Dysfunction and Infertility in Tana River County, Kenya. The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 119, 453-463.

19. WAYFORWARD Phytochemistry and toxicity tests In vivo and in vitro physiological tests currently being carried out on 2 plants using rat model Hormonal assays

20. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TMPs in Tana River The generous people of Sudan

21. Asante Sana catekaluwa@yahoo.co.uk / ckaluwa@uonbi.ac.ke Shukran