1. Anterior Surgery in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: Endoscopic Techniques in Children by Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 86(12):2752-2763 December 1, 2004 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

2. Conventional positions for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

3. This photograph illustrates the prone position with three portals, for suction and retraction (X), the working portal (Y), and the portal for visualization (Z). Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

4. A view of the right side of the thoracic spine with the viewer looking upward toward the cupula. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

5. This photograph illustrates a thoracoscopic view of a kyphotic spine after release and insertion of fibular grafts. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

6. Radiographs of a skeletally immature child with a single overhang type of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who was thought to be at risk for the crankshaft phenomenon. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

7. Preoperative lateral radiograph showing thoracic lordosis. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

8. These photographs illustrate the technique for performing release, instrumentation, and fusion for correction of idiopathic scoliosis with use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

9. This anteroposterior view of the spine with image-intensification allows one to determine coronal plane placement of the screw. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

10. This image-intensifier view shows active cable compression being applied between the second and third screws. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

11. At the completion of the procedure, the rod has been reduced into all of the screw heads and the caps have been fully engaged. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

12. These radiographs were made of the child shown in Figs. 5-A, 5-B, 5-C, 5-D. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

13. Standing posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of the spine made at one year, illustrating coronal plane correction as well as improvement in the thoracic lordosis. Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763 ©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.