1. Journal club Diagnostic accuracy of Urinalysis for UTI in Infants <3 months of age
U. Majuran
16th September 2015

2. Structure Current practice/ guidance PICO Paper review
Validity of study
Results
Will results change practice?

3. NICE guidance (2007)
“Infants and children presenting with unexplained fever of 38°C or higher should have a urine sample within 24hrs”
Re: urine testing
“All infants younger than 3 months with suspected UTI should be referred to paediatric specialist care and a urine sample should be sent for urgent microscopy and culture”.

4. (NICE)
Sensitivity of microscopy compared to cultures is poor in under 2s

5. American Academy of Pediatrics (2011)
Revised guidance
Consider urinalysis in children age 2m-2yrs alongside culture
Sensitivity 75-85%
Gold standard is still culture
Children <2m excluded from using dipstick
Seems to be a drive to reduce number of microscopies

7. Question
In children <2yrs old [P] how useful is urine dipstick [I] compared to urine culture [C] in diagnosing urinary tract infection [O]
Paper: Schroder et al (2015) Diagnostic accuracy of the Urinalysis for Urinary tract infection in Infants <3 months age. Pediatrics (135)

8. Accounting for patients

9. Stats Fisher or Chi squared test to compare populations
Sensitivity/ specificity calculated for 2 samples
‘Given that the sensitivity and specificity of the UA were calculated in 2 separate samples of patients, likelihood ratios and predictive values would be misleading and were not calculated, and receiver operator characteristics curves were not created’.

10. Results
¼ didn’t have means of collection documented. Less of a concern as documented in both blood and urine

11. Leucocytes sensitive but not specific (94-99)
Nitrites specific but not sensitive (96-100)
4 bacteremic UTIs had only trace Leu

12. 4 bacteremic UTIs had only trace Leu
1 infant had completely negative dip

13. Author discussion points
All but 1 of 203 patients had something on dipstick
2 postulations
Other studies re: urinalysis flawed by faulty gold standard – eg contaminated urines
Spectrum bias – screening tests more sensitive when disease is more severe

14. Quotes recent study of 770 infants <3m with UTI
Dipstick sens 90%
Dipstick + microscopy 95%

15. Author conclusion
The UA is highly sensitive in young infants with bacteremic UTI. Although this finding may reflect spectrum bias, it is also consistent with previous studies, suggesting that the suboptimal sensitivity of the UA may be explained by urine culture results that do not reflect true UTI

16. Article appraisal- validity
Was each test interpreted without knowing the results of the other?
No. Dipstick interpreted knowing that culture was positive
Is the spectrum of patients appropriate?
Appropriate age.
Note exclusions.
What about urine positive blood Cx negative?

17. Did all patients have both tests?
Yes
Were methods for performing test described in enough detail to permit replication

18. Article appraisal - results
Is sensitivity and specificity given
Yes
Can you construct a 2x2 table?
Are liklihood ratios given?
Not given.
Data interpretation not done by authors given ‘2 separate samples of patients’

19. Article appraisal – change management?
Can you reproduce the test locally?
Can you interpret results?
Yes
Are the results applicable to my patient?
Similar setting
Patient population also includes those excluded
Does not include lower UTIs

20. Will results change management
Requesting further tests?
Recommending treatment?
Will the patient be better off as a result of the test?
Unclear. Does not directly compare vs microscopy so do not know which is better

21. Ideal study design to answer question?
Prospective
Look at all children under 2ys for whom a microscopy is requested
Dip urine at time of collection/ in lab
Stats looking at microscopy and dipstick results vs positive cultures

22. Thank you
Questions?