1. 1 Superconducting Materials Group 9: Kyle Koliba Jeremy Katusak

2. 2 Overview Introduction Synthesis Applications Challenges Conclusion Recommendations

3. 3 Introduction Superconductors History Advancements

4. 4 Superconductors When below specific temperatures: Zero electrical resistance Expulsion of magnetic fields http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/ 3c/Stickstoff_gek%C3%BChlter_Supraleiter_schwebt_% C3%BCber_Dauermagneten_2009-06-21.jpg/800px- Stickstoff_gek%C3%BChlter_Supraleiter_schwebt_%C3 %BCber_Dauermagneten_2009-06-21.jpg

5. 5 Introduction Superconductors History Advancements

6. 6 History 1911: Superconductivity observed in mercury 1933: Superconducting material repels magnetic field. “Meissner effect” 1973: Nobel Prize awarded for confirming that electrical current flows between two superconducting materials 1986: Ceramic compound created that is capable of superconducting at 30 K. Liquid nitrogen can now be used as a substitute for liquid helium.

7. 7 Introduction History Advancements

8. 8 History http://library.thinkquest.org/08aug/02316/index_files/image614.gif High temp Low temp

9. 9 Synthesis The original synthesis of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 heated a blend of Barium-, Yttrium-, and Copper- carbonate at temperatures of over 1000K in the presence of oxygen. 4 BaCO 3 + Y 2 (CO 3 ) 3 + 6 CuCO 3 + 0.5 O 2 → 2 YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 + 13 CO 2 http://tfy.tkk.fi/aes/AES/projects/prlaser/ybco.jpg

10. 10 Synthesis New methods for the production of YBCO: Chemical vapor deposition Microemulsion Sol-gel http://www.fusione.enea.it/LABORATORIES/SuperCond/depfilm.html.en

11. 11 Applications Current Future

12. 12 Applications Electromagnets MRI NMR http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/mri/ima ges/mri-scanner.jpg

13. 13 Applications Electromagnets Transport http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetaca demy/superconductivity101/images/superconductivity- maglevcut.jpg http://www.schillerinstitute.org/graphics/photos/eco_strategic/m aglev.jpg

14. 14 Applications SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) for detection of mines http://www.learner.org/courses/physics/visual/img_lrg/squid.jpg

15. 15 Applications Future: Power storage Smart grid http://www.hitachi.com/environment/showcase/solution/energy/images/img_smartgrid/smartgrid_02.jpg

16. 16 Challenges Cooling Materials AC vs. DC

17. 17 Cooling Vacuum expensive to maintain. Requires liquid nitrogen flow to provide cooling through length of the cable. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VyTCyizqrHs/Sz1X2fOF _OI/AAAAAAAAGG8/sCjzHR5WEcg/s400/superc on1.jpg Insulation required for miles of cable if implemented.

18. 18 Challenges Cooling Materials AC vs. DC

19. 19 Materials High-Performance YBCO-Coated Superconductor Wires See reference Current materials are expensive! Prices of precious metals continues to increase. http://silverprice.org/silver-price-history.html

20. 20 Challenges Cooling Materials AC vs. DC

21. 21 AC vs. DC http://cleangreenenergyzone.com/wp- content/uploads/2011/06/dc-to-ac-inverter.jpg Sensitivity to moving magnetic fields Difficult to develop applications that implement alternating current as opposed to direct current

22. 22 Conclusion The unique properties of superconducting materials such as YBCO allow for numerous innovations. If production and operation costs can be significantly reduced, superconductors have the potential to replace traditional electronic circuits entirely. http://web.mit.edu/jbelcher/www/lev.html

23. 23 Recommendations Invest more research towards increasing the operating temperature of superconducting materials. Find more practical ways of implementing superconductors into wire to make it competitive with traditional power lines. http://folk.uio.no/kristorh/index-filer/PAHansen_KRHaug_YBCO1.jpg

24. 24 References Li, F., and C. Vipulanandan. "Production and characterization of YBCO nanoparticles." Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on 13.2 (2003): 3196-3198. Paranthaman, M. Parans, and Teruo Izumi. "High- performance YBCO-coated superconductor wires." MRS bulletin 29.08 (2004): 533-541.

25. 25 THANK YOU Questions?