1. Mass Wasting

2. Introduction While landslides are a normal part of erosion and surface processes, they can be very destructive to life and property Mass wasting is the downward movement of material under the direct influence of gravity. The rate of movement varies greatly.

3. What factors trigger mass wasting? 1) Gravity: Mass wasting occurs when the gravitational force acting on a slope exceeds the resisting force. 2) Slope Large slope angles have a greater chance for mass wasting. The steepest angle that a slope can maintain without failure is the angle of repose

4. More Factors… 3) Humans Cutting through a hill for buildings and road construction. Overloading - caused by human activities of dumping or piling material onto a slope, increasing water pressure and slope strength 4) Fluvial (rivers/streams) Stream undercutting or wave erosion can steepening slopes

5. What Factors Influence Mass Wasting? 4)Type of soil/rock Mass wasting is more common in loose or poorly consolidated material than in bedrock 5) Weather and Climate In areas of high temperature and precipitation weathering is deeper and produces tens of meters of unconsolidated material In dry regions soils are thinner, but heavy localized rainfall may result in mudflows

6. Factors… 6)Water content in soil Water may increase the weight of a slope enough to cause mass wasting. Water reduces the amount of friction between particles, causing the soil particles to easily slide past one another when wet. 7) Vegetation ( good for soil) Decreases water content of slope materials Root systems stabilize by binding soil and holding the soil to bedrock Removal of vegetation can lead to mass wasting

7. What can trigger a mass wasting event? Earthquakes –Rapid mass movements can trigger vibrations, loosening up soil/slope. Excessive water in short period of time. Volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even loud thunder may trigger unstable slopes

8. What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting? Classified on the basis of 3 things: 1) Rate of movement - fast or slow –Rapid movements involve visible movements of material –Slow movements are imperceptible except from their effects such as cracked walls and tilted trees or power poles 2) Type of movement - falling, sliding, or flowing 3) Type of material - rock, soil, and debris

9. What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting? 1) Falls Rockfalls are a common type of rapid mass wasting. May occur along steep canyons, cliffs, and road cuts. Undercutting, earthquakes, frost wedging can weaken rock, leading to a fall. Sign of a fall: –Talus builds up at the base, where fallen material collects –Loss of vegetation, clearing on a hill (“scar”)

10. What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting? 2) Slides Move along one or more surfaces of failure May consist of soil, rock, or both May move rapidly or slowly

11. What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting? 3) Flows Flows move as a viscous fluid Mudflows are fluid and move fastest, common in arid or mountainous regions *debris flows are more viscous *earthflows move as thick, viscous masses of wet regolith http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMJiibdVYjE

12. Mudflows Consist of at least 50% silt and clay sized particles, at least 30% water Usually follow pre-existing channels until the slope decreases, then fan out

13. Debris flows 4) Debris Flows Composed of larger sized particles than mudflows Don’t contain as much water as mudflows Rarely confined to pre-existing channels

14. 5) Soil Creep Very slow movement of soil on a slope. Not easily visible…need to know the signs.