1. DIE CASTING GRAVITY SEMI PERMANENT MOULD OR PERMANENT MOULD COLD CHAMBER HOT CHAMBER (HEATING CHAMBER) OUTSIDE THE MACHINE INTEGRAL WITH THE MACHINE

2. PERMANENT MOULD OR GRAVITY DIE CASTING * METALLIC MOULDS USED *TWO HALVES OF DIES- ONE FIXED, ONE MOVABLE VERY CLOSE TOLERANCE CASTINGS, MORE STRENGTH, LESS POROUS -BETTER SURFACE FINISH COMPARED TO SAND CASTING -SURFACE FREE FROM SAND & DENSITY HEAVY ONLY FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE CASTINGS FOR NON FERROUS, MAINLY LARGE QUANTITY, BUT IDENTICAL PIECES ONLY

3. SEMIPERMANENT DIECASTING DIE PRESSURE AT 20 TO 20,000 ATM PRESSURE FILL SOLIDIFICATION FOR NONFERROUS METALS FOR INTRICATE SHAPES CLOSE TOLERANCES POSSIBLE FOR MASS PRODUCTION, >10,000 1. A GOOD DIE SET MECHANISM 2. MEANS FOR FORCING METAL 3. DEVICE TO KEEP DIE HALFS PRESSED 4. ARRANGEMENT FOR AUTOMATIC REMOVAL OF CORES- IF ANY 5. EJECTOR PINS

4. TWO TYPES OF PRESSURE DIE CASTING COLD CHAMBER - HEATING CHAMBER OUTSIDE THE MACHINE - FOR Al, Mg, Cu, AND HIGH MELTING ALLOYS HOT CHAMBER - HEATING INTEGRAL WITH THE HANDLING GOOSE NECK MECHANISMS WIDELY USED FOR LOW MELTING ALLOYS- Zn, Pb, Etc. ALSO VACUUM DIE CASTING MACHINES- SPACE BETWEEN THE DIES AND PASSAGE VACUUMISED BEFOR POURING- SUBMERGED PLUNGE TYPE, DIRECT AIR DIE CASTING MACHINES

13. 2 3 1 1 2 3

14. D.A.D.C. MACHINE – showing two positions of pot

15. ANOTHER TYPE OF D.A.D.C. MACHINE

16. A TYPICAL DIE ECCENTRIC CLAMPING MOULD / DIE HALF VENT HOLE POURING BASIN MOULD CAVITY

19. CENTRIFUGAL CASTING TRUE- C.I. PIPES, LINERS, BUSHES, CYLINDER BARRELS ETC. SEMI- CENTRE CORE FOR INNER SURFACE- SHAPE BY MOULD AND CORE, MAINLY NOT BY CENRTRIFUGAL ACTION- Eg:FLYWHEELS PRESSURE OR CENTRIFUGAL CASTING- ALSO TERMED AS CENTRIFUGING FOR NON SYMMETRICAL SHAPES MOULD WITH ANY SHAPE PLACED AT CERTAIN DISTANCE FROM AXIS

26. CENTRIFUGING PROPERTIES OF CASTING DEPEND ON DISTANCE FROM AXIS SQUEEZE CASTING DIE, PUNCH, EJECTOR PIN PARTS OF NEAR-NET SHAPE MADE, COMPLEX AND FINE SURFACE DETAILS OBTAINED FOR FERROUS & NON FERROUS

27. CENTRIFUGING PROPERTIES OF CASTING DEPEND ON DISTANCE FROM AXIS SQUEEZE CASTING DIE, PUNCH, EJECTOR PIN PARTS OF NEAR-NET SHAPE MADE, COMPLEX AND FINE SURFACE DETAILS OBTAINED FOR FERROUS & NON FERROUS

28. SQUEEZE CASTING DEVELOPED IN 1960’S (also called liquid forging) SOLIDIFICATION OF MOLTEN METAL UNDER HIGH PRESSURE (pressure application when liquid partially solidifies 70 to 140 MPa) A COMBINATION OF CASTING & FORGING DIE, PUNCH, EJECTOR PIN PUNCH KEEPS ENTRAPPED GASES IN SOLUTION, RAPID COOLING DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE DIE- METAL INTERFACE PARTS OF NEAR-NET SHAPE MADE, COMPLEX AND FINE SURFACE DETAILS OBTAINED. No riser needed FOR FERROUS & NON FERROUS AUTOMOTIVE WHEELS, SHORT BARRELED CANNONS ETC.

30. SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWING (S.C.G.) FOR SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY CRYSTAL PULLING METHOD- CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS SEED CRYSTAL DIPPED INTO THE MOLTEN METAL, PULLED SLOWLY, (AT 10  m/ s), WITH ROTATION LIQUID METAL SOLIDIFIES ON THE SEED AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE CONTINUED THROUGHOUT

31. CASTING TECHNIQUES FOR SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWING (S.C.G.) CONVENTIONAL USE OF CERAMIC MOULD GRAINS WITH THE ABSENCE OF THERMAL GRADIENT DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS CERAMIC MOULD PREHEATED. MOULD SUPPORTED BY WATER COOLED CHILL PLATES. AFTER POURING, ASSEMBLY LOWERED CRYSTALS GROW AT CHILL PLATE SURFACE UPWARD. COLUMNAR GRAINS FORM

32. CASTING TECHNIQUES FOR SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWING (S.C.G.) POLYCRYSTALLINE- ANISOTROPY SINGLE CRYSTAL- PROPERTIES SAME IN ALL DIRECTIONS CASTING OF GAS TURBINE BLADES BY S.C.G.

33. CONVENTIONAL USE OF CERAMIC MOULD GRAINS- AS WITH THE ABSENCE OF THERMAL GRADIENT PRESENCE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES- MAKES STRUCTURE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CREEP AND CRACKING ALONG BOUNDARIES

34. DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS, (1960’s) CERAMIC MOULD PREHEATED. MOULD SUPPORTED BY WATER COOLED CHILL PLATES. AFTER POURING, ASSEMBLY LOWERED CRYSTALS GROW AT CHILL PLATE SURFACE UPWARD. COLUMNAR GRAINS FORM BLADE DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED WITH LONGITUDINAL- NOT TRANSVERSE- GRAIN BOUNDARIES. THUS STRONGER

35. SINGLE CRYSTAL BLADES, (1967), MOULD HAS CONSTRICTION IN THE SHAPE OF CORK SCREW THIS CROSS SECTION ALLOWS ONLY ONE CRYSTAL TO FIT THROUGH WITH THE LOWERING, SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWS UPWARD THROUGH CONSTRICTION STRICT CONTROL OF MOVEMENT NEEDED THERE IS LACK OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, MAKES RESISTANT TO CREEP AND THERMAL SHOCK.--EXPENSIVE

36. FLOATING –ZONE METHOD ALLOWED TO REST ON A SINGLE CRYSTALPOLYCRYSTALLINE ROD (SILICON)- ALLOWED TO REST ON A SINGLE CRYSTAL INDUCTION COIL HEATS THE PIECES COIL MOVED UPWARD SLOWLY (20  m/ s) SINGLE CRYSTAL GROWS UPWARD WITH ORIENTATION MAINTAINED THIN WAFERS CUT FROM ROD, CLEANED, POLISHED USE IN MICROELECTRONIC DEVICES