1. Overview Victims’ responses to discrimination Victims’ responses to discrimination Ways to reduce prejudice/discrimination Ways to reduce prejudice/discrimination Contact Contact Recategorization Recategorization Jigsaw classroom Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations Unlearning stereotype associations

3. Contact Contact hypothesis Under certain conditions, direct contact between members of different groups can reduce intergroup stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

4. Contact ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations Conditions: 1. Groups have equal status within contact situation 2. Groups share common goals 3. Situation involves intergroup cooperation 4. Contact is supported by authority 5. Situation provides members with opportunity to become friends

5. Contact The evidence Does contact actually reduce prejudice and discrimination? The evidence is mixed There are too many conditions to satisfy ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

6. Recategorization Based on social identity theory and social categorization theory Remove borders between groups (i.e., create new categories) ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

7. Me against the world

8. Us against the world

12. Recategorization The evidence Does recategorization actually reduce prejudice and discrimination? As long as a common ingroup identity is created (e.g., Sherif’s Robber’s Cave study) ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations X

13. Jigsaw classroom Elliot Aronson Divide students into groups of 5 or 6 Each student is responsible for a specific task Encourages mutual interdependence rather than competition ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

14. Jigsaw classroom The evidence Does the jigsaw classroom actually reduce prejudice and discrimination? ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

15. Confrontation What would happen if you confronted people with their stereotypes and biases? If you make people aware that they are being prejudiced, will they become less prejudiced? ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

16. Thought suppression test

17. Confrontation Macrae et al. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

18. Passage 1 Please write about a day in the life…

19. Passage 2 Please write about a day in the life…

20. Macrae results Suppress stereotype Control Passage 1 Passage 2 5.546.95 7.837.08

21. Confrontation The evidence Does confrontation actually reduce prejudice and discrimination? Not necessarily; it may actually make them more prejudiced! ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

22. If stereotypes are learned and become automatic through repetition, then can they be eliminated in the same way? Kawakami et al. (2000) ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

23. 1. Pretest: Measure automatic associations between target and stereotype word 2. Training 3. Posttest: Same as pretest Do automatic associations between targets and stereotype words become weaker after training? ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

24. Training Picture of target (Skinhead) + Stereotype word (e.g., angry) “No” = Picture of target (Skinhead) + Nonstereotype word (e.g., friendly) “Yes” =

25. Angry

26. Friendly

27. Violent

28. Unlearning stereotype associations The evidence Does training to unlearn stereotype associations actually reduce prejudice and discrimination? 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 Before trainingAfter training ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations

29. Summing up Modern types of racism require more modern techniques The more we know about prejudice, the more sophisticated techniques we can develop to prevent it ContactRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Confrontation Unlearning stereotype associations 1940s 2000