1. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Reasoning about Hardware and Software Memory Models Abhik Roychoudhury School of Computing National University of Singapore

2. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Salient Points Memory Model – What ? Hardware and Software Memory Models – Why ? Memory Model: Formal Executable Specs. Comparing Memory Models for efficiency MM comparison for reasoning about programs Concluding Remarks

3. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Memory Model Order in which memory operations (read / write) appear to execute to the programmer. For uni-processors, the MM is s.t. –Memory Read / Write appear to execute one at a time (atomic) –They execute in the program order.

4. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Memory Model Traditionally used to describe allowed behaviors of shared memory multiprocessors. ….Proc 1Proc 2 Proc n SHARED MEMORY

5. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Hardware Memory Models Initially Data1 = 0  Data2 = 0  Flag = 0 Data1 := 42; Data2 := Data1 Flag := 1; || While (Flag != 1) {}; Register := Data2 Programmer’s intuition: Register should be 42, not 0 SEQUENTIAL CONSISTENCY

6. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Sequential Consistency Simple extension of Uni-processor model. Each processor executes in program order. Operations appear to execute one at a time in some sequential order. Other relaxed Memory models also possible. –Certain (not all ) operations in a processor may be executed out-of-order.

7. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Relaxed Memory Models Initially Data1 = 0  Data2 = 0  Flag = 0 Data1 := 42; Data2 := Data1; Flag := 1; While (Flag != 1) {}; Register := Data2 Data1 := 42; Data2 := Data1 and Flag := 1 can be re-ordered e.g. SPARC PSO Register = 0 is also possible

8. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Multithreaded programming Multithreaded programming on multiprocessors is difficult due to the hardware memory model. The execution platform supports behaviors other than Sequential Consistency. Shared memory parallelism is becoming important because of Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP). Multithreaded program popularized by Java. Your multithreaded Java program may run diff. threads on diff. processors without you knowing it !

9. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Java Multithreading Can structure different parts of the program as diff. threads e.g. the User Interface as separate thread. Threads communicate via shared variables. Threads can run on uni- or multi-processors. Semantics called the Java Memory Model (JMM) JMM describes all possible allowed behaviors of a pgm. on any implementation (uni- / multi-processor). Supports locking of shared variables via synchronized statements.

10. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Java Memory Model Weaker than S.C. (to allow compiler/hardware opt.) Each shared variable has –Master copy –Local copy in each thread Threads read/write local/master copies on actions. Imposes ordering constraints on actions. But does not impose total order on actions in a thread. Being considered for revision. Future JMMs are also bound to be weaker than S.C.

11. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Compiler Multithreaded Java Pgm JVM (Introduce barriers ?) Hardware MM (Abstraction of multiprocessor) Bytecode Hardware Instructions … Should respect JMM

12. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Hardware and Software MM MM 1 > MM 2 –Behaviors allowed by MM 1  Behaviors allowed by MM 2 –Memory barriers introduced by JMM to prevent certain behaviors if the hardware MM is too weak. If we prove: JMM > Hardware MM –JVM can be tuned to avoid inserting any memory barrier. If we have: JMM > HW MM 1 > HW MM 2 –Certain multithreaded Java programs can behave differently on different multiprocessor platforms !! Need to formally specify and analyze MMs

13. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Developing Exec. Spec. – Hard ! JMM imposes ordering constraints on read/write actions of shared variables. The ordering constraints are given informally as set of rules which must never be violated. Past work: Operational exec. spec. of JMM [ICSE02] –Th 1 || Th 2 || … || Th n || Memory (Asynchronous Composition) –Th i executes read/write actions which are modeled as guarded commands Executable Spec. of Hardware MMs (e.g. TSO/PSO from Sun SPARC) developed earlier [Dill et. al. 93]

14. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Total Store Order (TSO) One of the hardware memory models in Sun SPARC. All instructions complete in program order, Except can complete as Write completion can be delayed. store u; store v cannot be re-ordered. store u; load u cannot be re-ordered. Store u; Load v Load v; Store u

15. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Comparing JMM and TSO Only re-ordering allowed is store  load Initially u = v = 0 Store u,1 Load v, reg1 Store v,1 Load u, reg2 Seq. Consistency: reg1 = 1  reg2 = 1 TSO : reg1 = 0 or 1, reg2 = 0 or 1 JMM > TSO (Proved by JMM checker) JVM can execute on TSO without barriers.

16. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Comparing Memory Models 1. Develop formal executable specifications of software and hardware memory models M s, M h 2. Select terminating test programs {P 1,…,P k } which exploit the re-orderings allowed by M h –Based on informal understanding of M h –Typically lifted from multiprocessor architecture manuals. 3. Verify that the set of selected test programs {P 1,…,P k } is complete w.r.t. the re-orderings of M h –Formal reasoning step. Automated if the test programs are selected methodically.

17. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Comparing Memory Models 4. Perform reachable state space exploration (as in Model Checking) of test programs {P 1,…,P k } on executable models M h and M s –Use formal executable specs of M h and M s –Generate all possible behaviors of test pgms on M h and M s –Automated formal reasoning step 5. Check whether the re-orderings of M h exposed by programs {P 1,…,P k } are also allowed by M s Combines formal and informal reasoning.

18. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Another Application Unsynchronized programs: Multithreaded programs where threads access shared variables without locks. Allow more behaviors under relaxed hardware MMs. Use executable specification of JMM to find all possible behaviors. If any of these is “unexpected”  Can be manifested in certain (not all) Multiprocessor platforms !! Verify presence / absence of this behavior by using executable versions of Hardware memory models.

19. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Unsynchronized Programs Allowed behaviors differ on different HW Mem. Models. Used in low-level libraries which are executed often. Data1 := 42; Data2 := Data1 Flag := 1; || While (Flag != 1) {}; Register := Data2 Absence of locks allows write re-orderings in a thread to be visible in other threads.

20. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Idiom for lazy instantiation of a singleton – Double checked Locking idiom. Check whether garbage data-fields can be returned If (inst == null) synchronized(Singleton.class){ if (inst == null) { inst = new Singleton(); } Return inst; Case Study Run by each thread

21. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Results from DC Locking Allowed behaviors from JMM checker show –Incompletely instantiated object can be returned. –Due to re-ordering of writes within constructor. Allowed behaviors from TSO checker show –Incompletely instantiated obj. cannot be returned. –Proved by State Space Exploration in 0.01 s Other hardware MM (such as Partial Store Order) can show this behavior : proved by PSO checker.

22. ICFEM 2002, Shanghai Concluding Remarks Formal understanding of MMs was necessary for low- level multiprocessor code. Advent of Java multithreading and SMP requires us to understand hardware MMs for running low-level multithreaded Java code. Language level memory model in Java (JMM) necessitates comparison of JMM with hardware MMs Accomplished by formal Executable Specifications and formal analysis techniques (Model Checking).