1. オーストラリア研究 ( 英語 ) Chris Burgess (1 号館 1308 研究室、内線 164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jpcburgess@tsuda.ac.jp ・ http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

2. “[In Japan] I have never experienced racism but rather the us versus them concept — not discrimination…I am so grateful to Australia — a melting pot for so many nationalities — for adopting me. I had no trouble assimilating in Australia, and to this day I think of it as my home.” http://thoughtcatalog.com/michelle-reimann/2014/10/what-its-like-to-be-half-japanese/ (Half German/Half-Japanese)

3. 4/5 doctors non-Australian!

4. Cloncurry 800km Mount Isa claims to be the largest city in world by area (40,977km 2 ) BUT, Population of only 20,000!

5. Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) Gives people living in the outback free & regular access to medical treatment (24/7) 20+ bases covering 7,150,000 km 2 ( 日本より広い守備範囲 : 約１．３倍 ) Service started in Cloncurry in 1928 Funded entirely by contributions, donations, and government grants

6. A Tsuda Student Writes… この旅行中、 Flying Doctor Service という制度をは じめて知りました。この制度は、 Northern Territory のような医者が少なく、医療制度の整っ ていない地域で、けが人や病人が出たとき、ヘリ コプターに乗って、医師が現地へ向かうというも のです。確かに、人がまばらに住むこのような広 大な地域では、このような制度は不可欠かと思い ます。また、この制度は、現地の人々だけでなく、 多くの旅行客によっても利用されていることもそ うです。このような乾燥した暑い地域では、簡単 に脱水症状のような症状を起こしやすく、死に至 る場合もあるそうです。この制度は、政府だけで なく、多くの人々からの寄付金によっても支えら れているということです

7. Stop the whingeing, 'pom' is not racist (Electronic Telegraph, UK 22/10/2004) Western Australia has passed legislation that allows racially charged terms such as pom, wog and ding to be used without fear of prosecution. POM(MY):People of descent WOG:People of descent DING:People of descent

8. Stop the whingeing, 'pom' is not racist (Electronic Telegraph, UK 22/10/2004) Western Australia has passed legislation that allows racially charged terms such as pom, wog and ding to be used without fear of prosecution. POM(MY):People of English descent WOG: People of Mediterranean descent DING:People of Italian descent

9. POMegranate + MIgrant ( ザクロの実 ) + （移民）

11. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity Existed BEFORE European Settlement… （ 600+ tribes & 60+ languages)

12. Multiculturalism: Definitions 「多文化主義：多民族の複数の文化を社会 体制の中で調和・発展させて、社会の向 上・発展を目指す思想と政策」 新オーストラリア英語中辞典（２００ １：４５３） “A process of interaction between and understanding/tolerance of different cultures…the expectation that all members of society have the right to equal access to services, regardless of ethnic background” Australian Sociology (2003:170)

13. Multiculturalism: Statistics

14. 外国生まれの国民の割合は … a)20 人に 1 人 b)10 人に 1 人 c)4 人に 1 人 d)2 人に 1 人

15. % Australian Residents ( 住民 ) Born Overseas UK 18%UK 6% ASIA 6%ASIA 1% 白豪主義スタート白豪主義終了

16. Speaking a Language Other than English (LOTE) at Home 家で英語以 外の言葉を 話す Italian2.0% Greek1.5% Canton1.3% Arabic1.2% Viet.1.0% Mand.0.8% 200 ヶ国語が 話されてい る

17. One in eight multilingual children speak Arabic at home, despite low levels of migration 18% of 1 st graders speak a language other than English 11.8% of these multilingual children speak Arabic Other top 5 languages: Vietnamese (8.4%), Greek, Chinese, Hindi Australia Early Development Index, April 2011

18. オーストラリアのアジア化 人口の％

19. Immigration Settlement Policy: Development of Multiculturalism 1) ASSIMILATION [ 同化主義 ] (1947+) 2) INTEGRATION [ 統合主義 ] (mid-60s+) 3) 多文化主義 1: Migrant Rights (72+) 4) 多文化主義 2: Cultural Pluralism (75+) 5) 多文化主義 3: Access & Equity (83+) 6) POST- MULTICULTURALISM? (1996+)

20. 1. Immigration Settlement Policy: Development of Multiculturalism ASSIMILATION [ 同化主義 ] (1947+) –Post-war migration from UK, Ireland, Northern, Eastern, and (finally) Southern Europe –Pressure to throw away own culture –Pressure to conform to Anglo-Australian culture and become indistinguishable from dominant group

21. 2. Immigration Settlement Policy: Development of Multiculturalism INTEGRATION [ 統合主義 ] (mid-60s+) –Immigration continues from Southern Europe, extending to Middle-East Countries –English lessons for NESB (Non English- Speaking Background) children –Ethnic community organisations becoming more public and active

22. 3. Immigration Settlement Policy: Development of Multiculturalism 多文化主義 1: Migrant Rights (72+) –Multiculturalism became official policy –Immigration slowdown –Labour (Whitlam) government elected –Focus on settlement process –‘ethnic’ radio introduced

23. 4. Immigration Settlement Policy: Development of Multiculturalism 多文化主義 2: Cultural Pluralism (75+) –Immigration from South-East Asia begins –Growth of migrant programs and services –Multiculturalism as a way to achieve social cohesion and form a national identity –Galbally Report (1975): 4 guiding principles –‘Ethnic’ (SBS) television starts…

24. SBS (Special Broadcasting Service= 多言語放送局 ) 英語以外の言語によるニュースや映画な どを放送する １９７８年に連邦政府により定められた 多様な移民のためにそれぞれの民族語で １日一定時間放送する制限に基づく more than 68 languages on radio, more than 60 on TV, and more than 50 online!

25. SBS: “The Only Multicultural Broadcaster in the World” “Multicultural” – the new definition In the 21st century, multiculturalism means more than bringing the cultures of other worlds into your home. It is reflecting back to us the increasingly multicultural spirit of our own community. SBS celebrates diversity and contributes to the social inclusion and cross-cultural understanding of all Australians - linguistically, sociologically and culturally.

26. 5. Immigration Settlement Policy: Development of Multiculturalism 多文化主義 3: Access & Equity (83+) –Immigration reduced –Questions over role of multiculturalism in legitimising inequality and disadvantage – Dangers of multiculturalism for social cohesion raised –Cuts in multicultural programs

27. Left wing critique: MC… 1)Disguises important class distinctions –Working class solidarity undermined 2)Promotes middle-class elites as unelected ethnic spokespersons 3)Maintains white power –Multiculturalism is a product of a 'White Nation' fantasy and works to maintain the dominance of White culture and power エスニック文化を維持すると、白人の優位も維持される

28. White Australian ‘Normal’ Dominant Group Ethnic Minorities ‘Different’ Subordinate Group ? セグリゲーション による多文化？ Social mobility 社会的 流動性

29. Multiculturalism, as a policy… tends to achieve much in the area of life style (dance, diet, dress, dialect) –E.g. 国際交流 events But tends to achieve little in terms of life chances (migrant participation in the economy and politics)

30. Too much power has been given to migrant minorities at expense of whites.. Right wing critique: MC…

31. Right wing critique: MC... 1)Is Waste of Government Money –Promotion of ethnic languages, cultures & traditions impedes assimilation 2)Undermines National Unity –Support for cultural diversity undermines social cohesion, creating ‘warring tribes’ 3)Is ‘Anti-Australian’ –Denies/destroys distinct British heritage

32. Geoffrey Blainey (1984) Challenged Multiculturalism –Level of Asian immigration “straining public acceptance” –Government policy ‘surrender Australia’ policy –Promotes separatism through emergence of ‘warring tribes’

33. “Rarely in the history of the modern world has a nation given such preference to a tiny ethnic minority of its population as the Australian Government has done in the past few years”

34. “The continued entry of Asians at the present rate could weaken or explode the tolerance extended to immigrants over the past 30 years”

35. “The pace of Asian immigration to Australia is now well ahead of public opinion”

36. “If we gave $1000 to each of these refugees to go to a place further away it may be more beneficial”

37. The Fitzgerald Report (1988) Polls showing public discontent with the levels of immigration: report commissioned Critical of the policy of multiculturalism Australia should disengage from the Indo- Chinese refugee programme Family reunion policy criticised: proposed more emphasis be given to skilled workers (more consideration of labour market needs)

38. John Howard Echoed Blainey’s criticism of Asian migration and multiculturalism “I believe that Asian migration is in the eyes of some in the community too great; it would be in our immediate term interests in terms of social cohesion if we could slow down a little so that the capacity of the community to absorb this would become greater.” (1988) Silent on Hanson (next week)…

40. Citizenship Test: No reference to multiculturalism as a feature of Australia’s national identity (instead emphasis on UK heritage and “the special social values of mateship and a fair go”)

41. The End of Multiculturalism? 多文化主義について「よ い」と思う人 １９９７：７８％ ２００５：７０％

42. 6. Immigration Settlement Policy: Retreat from Multiculturalism POST- MULTICULTURALISM? (1996~2007) –Howard government elected –Government withdraws visible commitment to multiculturalism; support for mc wanes –Rise of the One Nation Party –Growing skepticism about multiculturalism; structural multiculturalism no longer promoted

43. UK Minister Signals Beginning of the End of Multiculturalism “We have moved from a period of uniform consensus on the value of multiculturalism, to one where we can encourage that debate by questioning whether it is encouraging separateness…On our attempt to avoid imposing a single British identity and culture, have we ended up with some communities living in isolation of each other, with no common bonds between them?” (August 2006) Ruth Kelly

44. In Germany, Voices Against Immigration Grow Louder German Chancellor Angela Merkel declares that the nation's attempts to create a multicultural society have "utterly failed." In the speech to party members and supporters over the weekend, Merkel also said new arrivals need to do more to integrate into German society. Her comments reflect a growing and increasingly bitter anti-immigration mood — especially for Muslims — in Germany and across much of Europe. (October 18, 2010)

45. Britain’s Cameron Characterizes Multiculturalism as a Failure “under the doctrine of multiculturalism, we have encouraged different cultures to live separate lives, apart from each other and the mainstream. All this leaves some young Muslims feeling rootless…[which can] lead them to extremist ideology” Daily Yomiuri 2011/02/07 p. 4

46. Multiculturalism Today?

47. Labor Government: New Emphasis on Multiculturalism 2008: Rudd re-instates “Australian Multicultural Advisory Council” (AMAC) that Howard abolished 2011: New “Australian Multicultural Council” established

48. “The Genius of Australian Multiculturalism” (Feb. 2011) Argues that Australian multiculturalism is unique, different to that found in Europe or Canada in 3 key respects: (1) Respect for Australian values - Australian cultural values take precedence (2) Citizenship (not guest-worker) centred - migrants urged to join as full-partners with equal rights (3) Political bipartisanship - multilculturalism is above party politics

49. Liberal Government: Mixed Signals 2013: Abbott moves “Multicultural affairs” from the Immigration portfolio to the new Dept. of Social Services –a narrowed focus? Australian Multicultural Council frozen Ministry of multicultural affairs downgraded But recent shift…? "I've shifted from being a critic to a supporter of multiculturalism” (2014/09)

50. オーストラリア研究 : 多文化社会日本 への提言 （２００９） 302.7104/W41 http://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp- content/uploads/2014/07/mapping-social- cohesion-national-report-2013.pdf The 2013 Scanlon Foundation survey asked, for the first time, a series of questions on multiculturalism: The findings indicate strong levels of support for multiculturalism. Thus 84% of respondents agreed that ‘multiculturalism has been good for Australia’.

51. Josie Alibrandi （１７歳 ): Italian descent (WOG) “It's where Josie comes from, but it's not where she feels she belongs. In fact, Josie doesn't know where she belongs. With her Nonna in one ear talking about the old country and the stuck-up girls at her school telling her she's an outsider, it's no wonder.” 私はイタリア人なのか、オーストラリア人 なのか：自分は何人かわからなくなる

52. オーストラリア研究 ( 英語 ) Chris Burgess (1 号館 1308 研究室、内線 164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jpcburgess@tsuda.ac.jp ・ http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

53. オーストラリア研究 ( 英語 ) Chris Burgess (1 号館 1308 研究室、内線 164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jpcburgess@tsuda.ac.jp ・ http://info.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

54. 「炭素価格制度」

55. 豪、炭素税を導入 来年７月、 企業５００社に オーストラリア連邦議会上院は８日、二酸化炭素（ ＣＯ２）排出企業に負担を課す「炭素価格制度」の 関連法案を可決した。排出量の多い企業５００社を 対象に１トンあたり２３豪ドル（約１８５０円）の 負担を求める事実上の炭素税だ。下院もすでに可決 しており、来年７月から導入される。 ギラード首相は上院可決後、「歴史的な投票が長 年の論争を現実のものに変えた」と語った。政府は ２０１５年には排出量取引制度（ＥＴＳ）に移行さ せる方針 だ。ギラード首相は昨年８月の総選挙で炭 素税は導入しないと公言したが、環境重視の緑の党 など少数派の協力を得て政権を発足させており、炭 素税価格制度の 導入は、緑の党への配慮があったと される。 朝日新聞２０１１・１１・０９ ｐ。１３