1. 7.4 Reaction Rates You may have heard of athletes “burning Calories” when they exercise. A Calorie is a unit of energy used in the field of nutrition. The average banana contains about 100 Calories.

2. 7.4 Reaction Rates If you eat a banana, you provide your body with about 100 Calories to burn. This energy is released in a series of reactions that take place inside your body. A much faster way of releasing the energy contained in a banana is to burn it—outside the body—in a combustion reaction. The total amount of energy released is the same in both cases.

3. 7.4 Reaction Rates What does a reaction rate tell you? A reaction rate is the rate at which reactants change into products over time. Reactions Over Time Reaction rates tell you how fast a reaction is going.

4. 7.4 Reaction Rates Any change that happens over a period of time can be expressed as a rate. The reaction rate is how fast the reactants are being consumed, how fast the products are being formed, or how fast energy is being absorbed or released. Reactions Over Time

5. 7.4 Reaction Rates What factors cause reaction rates to change? Factors Affecting Reaction Rates Factors that affect reaction rates include temperature, surface area, concentration, stirring, and catalysts.

6. 7.4 Reaction Rates Chemical reactions involve collisions between particles of reactants. The reaction rate of a chemical reaction depends on how often reactant particles collide. If the collisions occur more frequently, then the reaction rate increases. If the collisions occur less frequently, then the reaction rate decreases. Reaction rates can be changed by varying conditions. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

7. 7.4 Reaction Rates Temperature Generally, an increase in temperature will increase the reaction rate, while a decrease in temperature will decrease the reaction rate. Example: You store milk in a refrigerator to slow down the reactions that cause the milk to spoil. The rate of spoiling decreases if the milk is kept cold. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

8. 7.4 Reaction Rates Increasing the temperature of a substance causes its particles to move faster, on average. Particles that move faster are both more likely to collide and more likely to react. If the number of collisions that produce reactions increases, then the reaction rate increases. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

9. 7.4 Reaction Rates Surface Area Increasing surface area of a reactant tends to increase the reaction rate. The smaller the particle size of a given mass, the larger its surface area. An Increase in surface area increases the exposure of reactants to one another. The greater exposure, the more collisions there are that involve reacting particles. With more collisions, more particles will react. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

10. 7.4 Reaction Rates Example: - put in your own words... This fire was a combustion reaction between grain dust and oxygen. The rate of combustion was very rapid due to the small particle size of the grain dust. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

11. 7.4 Reaction Rates Stirring Stirring reactants increases their exposure to each other. Collisions between the particles are more likely to happen. Example: In a washing machine, particles of detergent react with particles of the stains on clothes. A washing machine speeds up the reaction by stirring the contents back and forth. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

12. 7.4 Reaction Rates Concentration Concentration refers to the number of particles in a given volume. You can change the reaction rate by changing the concentration of the reactants. Increasing the concentration increases the rate of reaction. The more reacting particles that are present in a given volume, the more opportunities there are for collisions involving those particles. The reaction rate is faster. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

13. 7.4 Reaction Rates Example: The dye solution in the left beaker is more concentrated than the solution in the right. Increasing the concentration of the dye increases the rate of color change in the material. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

14. 7.4 Reaction Rates For gases, concentration changes with pressure. The greater the pressure of a gaseous reactant, the greater is its concentration, and the faster the reaction rate. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

15. 7.4 Reaction Rates Catalysts Chemists often use catalysts to speed up a reaction or enable a reaction to occur at a lower temperature. A catalyst is a substance that affects the reaction rate without being used up in the reaction. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

16. 7.4 Reaction Rates One of the steps involved in making sulfuric acid is the reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide. This reaction happens very slowly without a catalyst such as vanadium(V) oxide. The catalyst is neither a reactant nor a product, so it is written over the arrow. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

17. 7.4 Reaction Rates Because the catalyst is not consumed, it can be used to speed up the same reaction over and over again.

18. 7.4 Reaction Rates The catalyst lowers the amount of energy required for effective collisions between reacting particles. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

19. 7.4 Reaction Rates The catalyst lowers the amount of energy required for effective collisions between reacting particles. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

20. 7.4 Reaction Rates Assessment Questions 1. Which of the following changes will decrease the rate of a chemical reaction? a. increasing the temperature b. grinding a reactant into a fine powder c. stirring the reaction mixture d. decreasing the concentration of one of the reactants

21. 7.4 Reaction Rates Assessment Questions 1. Which of the following changes will decrease the rate of a chemical reaction? a. increasing the temperature b. grinding a reactant into a fine powder c. stirring the reaction mixture d. decreasing the concentration of one of the reactants ANS:D

22. 7.4 Reaction Rates Assessment Questions 1. A reaction rate is the rate at which reactants change into products over time. True False

23. 7.4 Reaction Rates Assessment Questions 1. A reaction rate is the rate at which reactants change into products over time. True False ANS:T

24. 7.4 Reaction Rates YOU SHOULD NOW HAVE FINISHED NOTES “7.3 AND 7.4” IN YOUR NOTES PACKET AND START WORKING ON THE BALANCE EQUATION WORKSHEET #1/#2. THIS SHEET IS HOMEWORK IF NOT COMPLETED IN CLASS TODAY! YOU WILL NEED TO TURN IN ON MONDAY IF NOT DONE IN CLASS! 5TH & 7TH PERIODS - REMEMBER TO COMPLETE YOUR WRITE UP FOR YOUR ALKA-SELTZER CHEMICAL REACTION LAB BY TUESDAY.