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OV 6 - 1 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. TCP/IP Addressing and Data Delivery  The TCP/IP Protocol Suite  IP Addressing.

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Presentation on theme: "OV 6 - 1 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. TCP/IP Addressing and Data Delivery  The TCP/IP Protocol Suite  IP Addressing."— Presentation transcript:

1 OV 6 - 1 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. TCP/IP Addressing and Data Delivery  The TCP/IP Protocol Suite  IP Addressing  Default IP Addressing Schemes  Create Custom IP Addressing Schemes  Implement IPv6 Addresses  Delivery Techniques

2 OV 6 - 2 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. TCP TCP/IP is the native Protocol of the Internet and is required for Internet connectivity. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):  Is part of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite along with another Transport-layer protocol - User Datagram Protocol (UDP)  Is a connection-oriented, guaranteed-delivery protocol used to send data packets between computers over the Internet.  Is part of the Internet protocol suite along with the Internet Protocol (IP)  Is responsible for breaking up data into datagrams, reassembling them at the other end, resending data lost in transit, and resequencing data. IP is responsible for routing individual datagrams and addressing.

3 OV 6 - 3 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IP Internet Protocol (IP):  A Network-layer protocol that is responsible for routing individual datagrams and addressing.  A connectionless protocol and acts as an intermediary between higher protocol layers and the network.  Makes no guarantees about packet delivery, corruption of data, or lost packets.  Works in concert with TCP, which establishes a connection between a source and the destination.

4 OV 6 - 4 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. The IP Data Packet Delivery Process 203.175.10.25 255.255.255.0 203.175.10.50 255.255.255.0 Application Transport Internet Network Interface TCP/IP model 1 1 2 2 Passes IP address to Internet layer Passes IP address to Internet layer 3 3 Uses subnet mask to determine the network of the receiving node Uses subnet mask to determine the network of the receiving node Service establishes connection and resolves the name Service establishes connection and resolves the name

5 OV 6 - 5 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. UDP User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Universal Datagram Protocol:  Is a connectionless Transport-layer protocol in the Internet Protocol suite  Is a best-effort delivery protocol that is used with IP like TCP  Transmits data and ensures data integrity as TCP, but lacks reliability, flow- control, and error-recovery functions.  Is less complex than TCP and because it is connectionless, provides faster service

6 OV 6 - 6 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. ARP Address resolution in ARP is performed by the following three steps:  ARP receives an IP address from IP.  If ARP has the MAC address in its cache, it returns it to IP. If not, it issues a broadcast to resolve the IP address.  A target node with the corresponding IP address responds with a unicast that includes its MAC address.

7 OV 6 - 7 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. ICMP Sending NodeReceiving Node 3 3 2 2 1 1 Data Receiving Node Buffers Fill Source Quench Message Flood warning Flood warning

8 OV 6 - 8 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IGMP IGMP is used for multicast packet routing IGMP is used for multicast packet routing IGMP

9 OV 6 - 9 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.  The header part contains the destination and source addresses.  The footer part contains an error checking code.  The data part contains the actual information or data that is to be transmitted. Data Packets Header Footer Data

10 OV 6 - 10 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. A network address typically includes two parts: one that identifies the network, and the other that identifies a node on the network. Network Addresses 192.168.100.100 Network portion Node portion

11 OV 6 - 11 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Names Descriptive host name IP address mapping

12 OV 6 - 12 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IP Addresses 32-Bit Binary Address 10101100.00010000.00101000.00000000 Network Address (NA) portion Host Address (HA) Portion

13 OV 6 - 13 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Subnets  The process of logically dividing a network into smaller subnetworks or subnets, with each subnet having a unique address.  The conventional addressing technique has IP addresses with two hierarchical levels, namely network ID and host ID. Subnet A Subnet B Network is divided into smaller subnetworks

14 OV 6 - 14 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Subnet Masks 1101100.00001000.00001010.01100101 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 1101100.00001000.00000000.00000000 IP address Network address Subnet mask differentiates the network and node portions of the binary IP address Subnet mask differentiates the network and node portions of the binary IP address Node portion Network portion Subnet mask removes the node portion Subnet mask removes the node portion

15 OV 6 - 15 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Subnet Mask Structure 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0  The ones in the mask always start at bit 32, to the left of the mask.  The zeros in the mask always start at bit 1, to the right of the mask.  The ones in the mask must be contiguous, with no zeros interspersed between the ones.

16 OV 6 - 16 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IP Address Assignment Rules TCP/IP139.80.100.10 255.255.0.0 139.80.100.20 255.255.0.0 139.90.100.10 255.255.0.0 139.90.50.20 255.255.0.0

17 OV 6 - 17 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Binary and Decimal Conversion 11111111 22222222 6432168421281 70654321 +++++++= 255 Binary number Binary place value Decimal equivalent

18 OV 6 - 18 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Binary ANDing Subnet mask in binary 10001011.01010111.10001100.01001100 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 10001011.01010111.10001100.00000000 IP address in binary ANDing Network ID 139.87.140.76 IP address Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 139.87.140.0 Masks the node portion of the IP address Masks the node portion of the IP address Network portion Node portion

19 OV 6 - 19 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. ICANN 139.80.0.0208.123.45.0 ICANN Companies lease IP addresses from ICANN

20 OV 6 - 20 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IP Address Classes Address ClassDescription Class A Provides a small number of network addresses for networks with a large number of nodes per network.  Address range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255  Number of networks: 126  Number of nodes per network: 16,777,214  Network ID portion: First octet  Node ID portion: Last three octets  Default subnet mask: 255.0.0.0 Class B Provides a balance between the number of network addresses and the number of nodes per network.  Address range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255  Number of networks: 16,382  Number of nodes per network: 65,534  Network ID portion: First two octets, excluding Class A addresses  Node ID portion: Last two octets  Default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0

21 OV 6 - 21 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IP Address Classes (Cont.) Address ClassDescription Class C Provide a large number of network addresses for networks with a small number of nodes per network.  Address range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255  Number of networks: 2,097,150  Number of nodes per network: 254  Network ID portion: First three octets, excluding Class A and Class B addresses  Node ID portion: Last octet  Default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Class D Addresses are set aside to support multicast transmissions. Any network can use them, regardless of the base network ID.  Address range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Example of a Class D address: 230.43.160.48 Class E Addresses that are set aside for research and experimentation.  Address range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Example of a Class E address: 250.217.39.190

22 OV 6 - 22 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Private IP Addresses  Private IP addresses are addresses that organizations use for nodes requiring IP connectivity within enterprise networks, but not requiring external connections to the Internet.  IP addresses in each of the Classes A, B, and C are reserved as private IP addresses.

23 OV 6 - 23 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. The Local and Remote Addressing Process Node uses a subnet mask to determine the destination of packet Node applies subnet mask to its own IP address Node applies the subnet mask to the packet's destination address The node compares the two network IDs Are they the same? Two nodes are on the same subnet Two nodes are remote to each other Yes No

24 OV 6 - 24 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Default Gateways 139.87.10.9 139.87.10.10 139.115.30.0 Gateway Default gateway is the address of the router connected to the Internet Default gateway is the address of the router connected to the Internet

25 OV 6 - 25 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. 203.175.10.1 - 62 255.255.255.192 203.175.10.65 - 126 255.255.255.192 203.175.10.128 - 190 255.255.255.192 203.175.10.193 - 254 255.255.255.192 Custom TCP/IP Subnets 203.175.10.0 Custom subnet mask Routes traffic between subnets Routes traffic between subnets A class of leased addresses that are divided into smaller groups A class of leased addresses that are divided into smaller groups

26 OV 6 - 26 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Custom Subnet Masks 203.175.10.0 11001011.10101111.00001010.00000000 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 Class C network address Class C network address Custom subnet mask Custom subnet mask Borrowed bits from the left side of the node Borrowed bits from the left side of the node

27 OV 6 - 27 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Variable Length Subnet Masks 203.175.10.0 255.255.255.254 Subnet 1 6 addresses Subnet 2 14 addresses Subnet 3 30 addresses 5 nodes 255.255.255.248 12 nodes 255.255.255.240 28 nodes 255.255.248.0

28 OV 6 - 28 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Classless Inter Domain Routing 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.13.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.0 255.255.254.0 192.168.12.0/23 CIDR notation combines a network address with a number to represent the number of one bits in the mask. CIDR combines the network address with a number CIDR combines the network address with a number

29 OV 6 - 29 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IPv4 Address Space Limitations Limitations of the IPv4 address space include:  The 32-bit IP address space itself, which provides only a theoretical maximum of 232, or approximately 4,295 billion, separate addresses.  The division of the address space into fixed classes; addresses falling either between classes or between subnets are unavailable for assignment.  IP address classes provide a small number of node addresses, leading to difficulty matching IP address leases to a company's needs.  The depletion of Class A and Class B IP address assignments.  Unassigned and unused address ranges within existing Class A and Class B blocks.

30 OV 6 - 30 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IPv6 IPv6:  Is the successor to IPv4, an addressing scheme that increases the available pool of IP addresses by implementing a 128-bit binary address space.  Includes new efficiency features.  Is incompatible with IPv4.

31 OV 6 - 31 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IPv6 Addresses  An IPv6 address is a 128-bit binary number assigned to a computer on a TCP/IP network.  Some of the bits in the address represent the network segment; the other bits represent the host.  For readability, the IPv6 address is usually separated by colons into eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.

32 OV 6 - 32 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Connections A connection:  Is a virtual link between two nodes established for the duration of a communication session.  Provides flow control, packet sequencing, and error recovery functions to ensure reliable communications between nodes.

33 OV 6 - 33 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Flow Control The following are common flow-control techniques:  Buffering  Data windows  Fixed and sliding windows

34 OV 6 - 34 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Buffering  A flow control technique in which data received is stored on a buffer.  Is used when reading information from the disk or RAM.

35 OV 6 - 35 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Windows 10 1 Without data windows With data windows Packet ACK Defines how much data can be sent without waiting for an acknowledgment Defines how much data can be sent without waiting for an acknowledgment

36 OV 6 - 36 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Error Detection Data sent with EDC in footer Receiver generates an EDC and compares it with the one sent in the footer Do they match? Process data YesNo Request data be retransmitted

37 OV 6 - 37 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Parity Check Compare bytes with parity bits Compare bytes with parity bits 10100110 1 10100110 0 Parity bit 1 1 SenderReceiver Sender adds one bit to each word of data Sender adds one bit to each word of data 2 2 Receiver compares the transmitted and received bytes Receiver compares the transmitted and received bytes 3 3 If there is a mismatch, the receiver requests retransmission If there is a mismatch, the receiver requests retransmission

38 OV 6 - 38 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Compare CRCs for error 1 0 110100 CRC 10110100 1 1 Sender attaches CRC to data Sender attaches CRC to data 2 2 Receiver calculates CRC for received block Receiver calculates CRC for received block 3 3 Values match and data is unaltered Values match and data is unaltered

39 OV 6 - 39 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflective Questions 1. In your opinion, which class of IP address will suit your organization? 2. Which delivery techniques will you implement most often on your network?

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