1. 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 21 Images for Students

2. 2 Fig21.01a Endoflagellum Outer membrane Periplasmic space Cell body Endoflagellum (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. 3 Table21.01

4. Fig21.08 106 104 102 100 98 Normal temperature 214681012141618202224 Days (2) (1)(3) (4) (5) (6) (1)Primary infection induces high fever. (2) Initial antibody response at first reduces fever. (3) Reinfection by mutant Borrelia causes a relapse of fever. (4) The immune reaction to second antigen slows symptoms for a time. (5) New antigenic form causes another relapse. (6) Antibody response again reduces symptoms of infection, followed by relapse. Variable Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Third antibody response Third antigenic challenge Second antibody response Second antigenic challenge First antibody response First antigenic challenge Body Temperature F

5. 5 Fig21.11 Intestinal lumen Cl 2 Na 1 K1K1 H2OH2O HCO 3 2 Intestinal cell Cl 2 Na 1 K1K1 H2OH2O H Cell membrane Glycocalyx Adenyl cyclase, inactive Adenyl cyclase, active Cyclic AMP Cl 2 Na 1, K 1 H2OH2O Membrane pump Cholera toxin molecules Vibrio cholerae 1 HCO 3 2 The Vibrio cholerae cell comes to rest in the protective mucous coating near the cell surface and secretes its toxin, which is a complex protein. The toxin has an affinity for specialized receptors on the glycocalyx and binds there. The active portion of the toxin is released, is transported through the membrane, and enters the cytoplasm. It becomes a signal in a system that converts inactive adenyl cyclase into an active state. This enzyme converts ATP into a molecule called cyclic AMP (cAMP). The cAMP is needed by the cell to control a major membrane pump for negative ions. ions. The result is that the membrane begins to actively pump Cl 2, and HCO 3 2 into the intestinal lumen. One additional effect of the toxin is that it overrides the usual controls for the adenyl cyclase/cAMP system so that the cell continues to pump out these ions for an extended time. Positive ions (Na 1 and K 1 ) follow the anions and are also lost into the intestinal fluid, along with large amounts of water, causing secretory diarrhea and dehydration. (c) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a)(b) HCO 3 2 H2OH2O H2OH2O Intestinal lumen H2OH2O Na 1, K 1 Cl 2 HCO 3 2

6. 6 Table21.0A

7. 7 Table21.02

8. 8 Fig21.15

9. 9 Fig21.16 Egg tick with eggs CNS damage, coma Rash Vascular damage Human Infection Tick/Dog Infection (a) (b) (c) (d) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10. 10 Fig21.25 Cusp with occlusal surface Enamel Dentin Pulp cavity Gingival crevice Gingiva (gum) Bone/socket Cementum Root canal Periodontal membrane Periodontal ligament Blood vessels and nerves in pulp Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Root Crown

11. 11 Fig21.26 Tooth Surface (enamel, root) Pellicle Formation Plaque Formation Acidification and Cavitation Calculus (Tartar) Formation Dental Caries Damage to enamel Gingivitis/Periodontal Disease Tooth Destruction (exposure of dentin, pulp, root) Bone Resorption Tooth Loss Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. 12 Fig21.27 A freshly cleaned tooth surface immediately develops a thin layer of salivary glycoproteins (the acquired pellicle). Fibers of proteins, antibodies, salivary enzymes, bacterial debris, and other salivary molecules adhere to the pellicle (M). The earliest tooth colonizers are the Streptococcus mutans group(s) (S. oralis and S. gordonii). These bacteria have specific receptors that adhere to the outer pellicle molecules. The streptococci likewise bind to each other, forming the initial base of plaque. The next phase involves cell-cell signaling and coaggregation with additional colonists. The most common bacteria to add to the biofilm during this phase are filamentous rods in the genus Actinomyces (A). Other species of Streptococcus (the mutans group) use dietary carbohydrates to secrete glucans that add bulk to the matrix and serve as a source of sugars. Once this initial framework has been laid down, it enters a second phase of aggregation which creates the final dense mat of plaque. Bacteria that colonize at this point are frequently anaerobes such as Fusobacterium (F), Porphyromonas (PO), Prevotella (PR), Veillonella (V), and Treponema (T). See upper left. Initial damage to the enamel occurs when streptococci near the enamel surface ferment the sugars in plaque to lactic, acetic, and other acids. When these acids are trapped against the tooth surface and etch through it, a dental caries has developed. Tooth enamel Acquired pellicle S M F V V T A PO PR S A 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 345

13. 13 Fig21.29

14. 14 TA21.01