1. Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

2. The Contribution Format Used primarily for external reporting. Used primarily by management.

4. Contribution-Margin Ratio Sales revenue, variable expenses and contribution for Racing Bicycles can be expressed as a percentage of sales

5. Contribution Margin Method The contribution margin method has two key equations. Fixed expenses CM per unit = Break-even point in units sold Fixed expenses CM ratio = Break-even point in total sales dollars

6. CVP Graph Fixed expenses Units Dollars Total ExpensesTotal Sales

7. Units Dollars CVP Graph Break-even point Profit Area Loss Area

8. Break-even Reduction Racing Bicycles is currently selling 500 bicycles per month. Break-even units are 400 per month under the current cost structure. What would be the break-even units if fixed costs decrease to $70,000? What would be the break-even units if variable costs were reduced to $250? What would be the break-even units if selling price was increased to $513.33?

9. Target Operating Profit Analysis The equation and contribution margin methods can be used to determine the sales volume needed to achieve a target profit. Suppose Racing Bicycle Company wants to know how many bikes must be sold to earn a profit of $100,000.

10. The Contribution Margin Approach The contribution margin method can be used to determine that 900 bikes must be sold to earn the target operating profit of $100,000. Fixed expenses + Target profit CM per unit = Unit sales to attain the target profit $80,000 + $100,000 $200/bike = 900 bikes

11. Net income = Operating profit – Income taxes = Operating profit – (Tax rate x Operating profit) After-Tax Profit Targets = Operating profit (1 – Tax rate) Or Operating profit = Net income (1 – Tax rate)

12. After-Tax Profit Targets Fisher Company has a selling price of $40 for its only product. Variable cost per unit is $24, and fixed costs are $800,000 for the year. The Company wants to achieve an annual net income (after taxes) of $487,500. How many units must it sell if its income tax rate is 35 percent.

13. Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume What is the profit impact if Racing can increase unit sales from 500 to 540 by increasing the monthly advertising budget by $10,000?

14. Change in Variable Costs and Sales Volume What is the profit impact if Racing can use higher quality raw materials, thus increasing variable costs per unit by $10, to generate an increase in unit sales from 500 to 580?

15. Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price and Volume What is the profit impact if Racing (1) cuts its selling price $20 per unit, (2) increases its advertising budget by $15,000 per month, and (3) increases sales from 500 to 650 units per month?

16. Change in Variable Cost, Fixed Cost and Sales Volume What is the profit impact if Racing (1) pays a $15 sales commission per bike sold instead of paying salespersons flat salaries that currently total $6,000 per month, and (2) increases unit sales from 500 to 575 bikes?

17. Change in Regular Sales Price If Racing has an opportunity to sell 150 bikes to a wholesaler without disturbing sales to other customers or fixed expenses, what price would it quote to the wholesaler if it wants to increase monthly profits by $3,000?

18. The Margin of Safety The margin of safety is the excess of actual (or budgeted) sales over the break-even volume of sales. Margin of safety = Total sales - Break-even sales Let’s look at Racing Bicycle Company and determine the margin of safety.

19. The Margin of Safety If we assume that Racing Bicycle Company has actual sales of $250,000, given that we have already determined the break-even sales to be $200,000, the margin of safety is $50,000 as shown.

20. The Margin of Safety The margin of safety can be expressed as 20% of sales. ($50,000 ÷ $250,000)

21. The Margin of Safety The margin of safety can be expressed in terms of the number of units sold. The margin of safety at Racing is $50,000, and each bike sells for $500. Margin of Safety in units == 100 bikes $50,000 $500

22. Cost Structure and Profit Stability Cost structure refers to the relative proportion of fixed and variable costs in an organization. Managers often have some latitude in determining their organization’s cost structure.

23. Cost Structure and Profitability AlphaBetaGamma Amount% % % Sales$800,000100%$800,000100%$800,000100% Variable Expenses 400,000 50% 300,00037.5% 200,000 25% Contribution Margin 400,000 50% 500,000 62.5% 600,000 75% Fixed Expenses 300,000 400,000 500,000 Op. Income $ 100,000

24. Cost Structure and Profit Stability There are advantages and disadvantages to high fixed cost (or low variable cost) and low fixed cost (or high variable cost) structures. An advantage of a high fixed cost structure is that income will be higher in good years compared to companies with lower proportion of fixed costs. A disadvantage of a high fixed cost structure is that income will be lower in bad years compared to companies with lower proportion of fixed costs.

25. Definition of Operating Leverage  The relative mix of a firm’s fixed and variable costs determines its operating leverage.  At a given level of sales: Degree of operating = Contribution Margin leverage Operating Income  The higher a firm’s fixed cost as compared to its variable cost, the greater its operating leverage.  Operating leverage acts like a multiplier. The greater the operating leverage, the greater the change in operating income for a given change in sales.  Let’s calculate the operating leverage for each firm.

26. Application of Operating Leverage  At a given level of sales, the operating leverage is a measure of how a given percentage change in sales will affect operating profits.  In fact, the operating profit will increase by the operating leverage times the percentage change in sales.  For a 10% increase in sales, Firm Alpha’s operating income increased 40% (4 times 10%).  For a 10% increase in sales, Firm Beta’s operating income increased 50% (5 times 10%).  For a 10% increase in sales, Firm Gamma’s operating income increased 60% (6 times 10%).

27. The Concept of Sales Mix Sales mix is the relative proportion in which a company’s products are sold. Different products have different selling prices, cost structures, and contribution margins.

28. Break-even Analysis (in Units) with Multiple Products Curl Company provides us with the following information: Fixed cost is $120,000. What is the break-even point in units? What are the sales of Surfboards and Sailboards at the break-even point?

29. Break-even Analysis (in Sales Dollars) with Multiple Products Curl’s Contribution Margin income statement is shown below: $150,000 $450,000 = 33.3% What is the break-even point in Sales? What are the sales of Surfboards and Sailboards at the break-even point?