1. A Great Place Highlands: cooler Great Rift Valley Fertile Soil Many Lakes Adequate Rainfall

2. The People and Environment First: HUTUs Short, Stocky, Dark Skinned, farmers From North: TUTSIs Tall, slender, light skinned, cattle herders

4. The 8 Stages of Genocide According to Gregory H. Stanton with Genocide Watch

5. 1. Classification Distinguish b/w “us & them” –Ethnicity, race, religion, nationality –Occurs in all cultures Societies w/ no mixed categories have greater chance of genocide **Must actively endorse understanding & tolerance, search for a common ground

6. 2. Symbolization Applying names/symbols/colors/dress to members of grps. –Yellow star for Jews –Blue scarf for Eastern Cambodians Stages 1 & 2 are almost natural  problem comes when combined w/ hatred

7. Symbolism cont’d **Make hate symbols/speech illegal –Bulgaria refused the yellow star  80% of Jews went w/o it  lost its significance **BUT…the ban has to be widely supported –“Hutu” & “Tutsi” were banned in Burundi, but code words just replaced them

8. 3. Dehumanization Members of grp. are not seen as human (rather animals, insects, disease) –Tutsis were referred to as cockroaches Hate propaganda takes over (radios, posters, news) –Not protected as free speech under true democratic constitutions **Must be put down promptly! (shut down radio signals)

9. 4. Organization ALWAYS organized –State often uses militias (Janjaweed in Sudan) Used as scapegoats (deny responsibility) –Well-trained militants can also form mobs or terrorist grps. **Militias must be forbidden, leaders denied rights, arms embargoes enacted

10. 5. Polarization Grps. ripped apart by extremists –Hate propaganda broadcasts separation; sometimes makes interaction illegal –Silences/intimidates moderates They stand greatest chance of stopping genocide, so killed 1 st **Need security for moderates & human rights grps. **International sanctions on extremist coups d’états

11. 6. Preparation Victims recognized & separated out –Death lists, wear symbols –Moved into certain areas (ghettoes, camps, poverty stricken region) ** Must declare a Genocide Emergency  prepare international intervention ** Prepare aid for future victims & refugees

12. 7. Extermination Mass killings –Often done by both armed forces & militia –Can lead to revenge killings ** Only solution is now fierce armed intervention –International responsibility to protect and provide aid More impt. than individual national interests

13. 8. Denial Perpetrators cover up graves/evidence and coerce witnesses Deny any crimes took place, blame victims, hamper investigations –Sure sign of future genocidal acts ** Must capture and take to national or internat’l court (Nuremberg, Rwanda)

14. 20 th & 21 st Century Genocides Armenian (1915-1918): by Ottoman Turks  1.5 mil Armenians, over 800,000 others Jewish (1939-1945): by Nazi Germany  6 mil Jews, 3 mil Poles, 1.25 mil others Cambodian (1975-1979): by Khmer Rouge  1.2 mil Cambodians

15. 20 th & 21 st Century Genocides Bosnia (1992-1995): by Serbs  200,000 Bosnian Muslims Rwanda (1994): by Hutu militias  800,000 Tutsis Darfur (2003*- ): by Arab govn’t backed militia  400,000 killed, 1.3 mil displaced non-Arabs (Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit) (There are more, esp. by forced famines!!)