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4. Quantum Tunneling Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Laws Quantum Tunneling and Conservation Laws Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity > Quantum Tunneling and Conservation Laws Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5869_section_207&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium= direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Quantum tunneling applies to all objects facing any barrier. However, the probability of its occurrence is essentially negligible for macroscopic purposes; it is only ever observed to any appreciable degree on the nanoscale level. Quantum tunneling is explained by the imaginary component of the Schrödinger equation. Because the wave function of any object contains an imaginary component, it can exist in imaginary space. Tunneling decreases with the increasing mass of the object that must tunnel and with the increasing gap between the object's energy and the energy of the barrier it must overcome. Quantum Tunneling Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-college-physics-4th-giambattista-alan-0071317945-9780071317948/nuclear-physics-and- radioactivity-29/quantum-tunneling-and-conservation-laws-207/quantum-tunneling-738- 10944?campaign_content=book_5869_section_207&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless P-Orbital View on Boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity > Quantum Tunneling and Conservation Laws

6. The law of Conservation of Nuclear Number states that the sum of protons and neutrons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same. In radioactive decay, a proton can be converted to a neutron and a neutron can be converted to a proton (beta-decay). Nuclear fusion and fission involve the conversion of matter to energy, but the matter that is converted is never a full nucleon. Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Laws Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-college-physics-4th-giambattista-alan-0071317945-9780071317948/nuclear-physics-and- radioactivity-29/quantum-tunneling-and-conservation-laws-207/conservation-of-nucleon-number-and-other-laws-739- 11274?campaign_content=book_5869_section_207&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bo undless Nuclear fission of U-235 View on Boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity > Quantum Tunneling and Conservation Laws

7. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

8. Key terms fission The process of splitting the nucleus of an atom into smaller particles; nuclear fission. fusion A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the concomitant release of energy. nucleon One of the subatomic particles of the atomic nucleus (i.e., a proton or a neutron). tunneling the quantum-mechanical passing of a particle through an energy barrier Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

9. P-Orbital The red and blue lobes represent the volume in which there is a 90 percent probability of finding an electron at any given time if the orbital is occupied. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "P2M0." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P2M0.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P2M0.pngView on Boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

10. Nuclear fission of U-235 If U-235 is bombarded with a neutron (light blue small circe), the resulting U-236 produced is unstable and undergoes fission. The resulting elements (shown here as Kr-92 and Ba-141) do not contain as many nucleons as U-236, with the remaining three neutrons being released as high-energy particles, able to bombard another U-235 atom and maintain a chain reaction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "File:Nuclear fission.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuclear_fission.svg&page=1 View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuclear_fission.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

11. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Tunneling probability decreases with the A) increasing mass of the object and with the increasing gap B) decreasing mass of the object and with the decreasing gap C) increasing mass of the object and with the decreasing gap D) decreasing mass of the object and with the increasing gap

12. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Tunneling probability decreases with the A) increasing mass of the object and with the increasing gap B) decreasing mass of the object and with the decreasing gap C) increasing mass of the object and with the decreasing gap D) decreasing mass of the object and with the increasing gap

13. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity The possibility of tunneling A) is essentially ignorable at the nanoscale levels; it occurs regularly on the the macroscopic levels B) is essentially ignorable both at the nanoscale and the macroscopic levels C) is extremely high both at the nanoscale and the macroscopic levels D) is essentially ignorable at the macroscopic levels; it occurs regularly on the nanoscale levels

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity The possibility of tunneling A) is essentially ignorable at the nanoscale levels; it occurs regularly on the the macroscopic levels B) is essentially ignorable both at the nanoscale and the macroscopic levels C) is extremely high both at the nanoscale and the macroscopic levels D) is essentially ignorable at the macroscopic levels; it occurs regularly on the nanoscale levels

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity The law of Conservation of Nuclear Number states that the A) sum of protons and electrons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same B) number of protons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same C) number of neutrons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same D) sum of protons and neutrons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity The law of Conservation of Nuclear Number states that the A) sum of protons and electrons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same B) number of protons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same C) number of neutrons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same D) sum of protons and neutrons among species before and after a nuclear reaction will be the same

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Nuclear fusion and fission involve the conversion of matter to energy, but the matter that is converted is A) never a full nucleon B) always a full nucleon C) never a full neutriono D) always a full neutrino

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Nuclear fusion and fission involve the conversion of matter to energy, but the matter that is converted is A) never a full nucleon B) always a full nucleon C) never a full neutriono D) always a full neutrino

19. Attribution Wikipedia. "Quantum tunnelling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnellingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling Wiktionary. "tunneling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tunnelingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tunneling Wikipedia. "Nuclear fusion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion Wikipedia. "Radioactive decay." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay Wikipedia. "Nuclear fission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission Wiktionary. "fusion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusion Wiktionary. "fission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fissionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fission Wiktionary. "nucleon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleonCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleon Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity