1. Jupiter and the Jovian Planets

2. Formation of Jovian Planets Step 1  Accretion of planetesimals to form large Earth-like solid planet cores of rocks, iron, nickel Masses of Cores in terms of Earth’s mass Jupiter - 28 Saturn - 17 Uranus - 3.5 Neptune - 4.3 Step 2  Lighter gases condense on to the planet cores due to gravity and cold temperatures

3. Jupiter – Formation of Planetary Systems

4. Jupiter – “A Failed Star” Jupiter is 318 times more massive than the Earth; yet, it is 80 times too small to become a star, i.e. make nuclear energy from fusion like the Sun But Jupiter (and Saturn) emits roughly twice the energy it receives from the Sun Energy derives from self-gravity  gravitational compression of the interior (Jupiter shrinks about an inch per century) Surface T = 124 K, but expected 109 K (assuming Sun to be the only source) Jupiter radiates (124 / 109) 4 = 1.7 times more energy than would be expected

5. Molecular Hydrogen Metallic Hydrogen “Ice” Rock Jupiter Interior

6. Conditions inside Jupiter Composition like the Sun: mostly H, He Atmosphere 500 miles thick, largely H2, He, and CH4, NH3, H2O Very low mean density of 1.33 g/cc (including compressed core)  planet must be largely liquid “Surface” is largely top of liquid hydrogen ocean (Jovian planets have no solid surface), where “Air pressure” is 500 x Earth’s, and temperature of 4000 F Equator and poles do not rotate at same rate (oblate shape): 9h 50min and 9h 55 min respectively Huge magnetic field, why?

7. Jupiter’s Interior Most of Jupiter is about 40,000 mile deep ocean of liquid hydrogen But it is mostly metallic H2: high density and pressure compress the H2 molecule so that they “share” electrons, i.e. electrons can move around like in a metal  conduct electricity “Core” is solid ice, rock, iron, nickel at very high pressure (1 billion lbs / sq. inch) - core itself is about 28 x Earth’s mass - temperature 50,000 F

8. Molecular Hydrogen Metallic Hydrogen “Ice” Rock Saturn Interior

9. Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn

10. Interiors of Uranus & Neptune Uranus Neptune Rocky Cores Slushy “Ice”Mantles Molecular Hydrogen

11. Metallic Hydrogen Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Earth Jupiter and Saturn have metallic hydrogen mantle; Uranus and Neptune don’t

12. Temperature (pressure) in Jupiter rises faster than in Saturn with depth Although T and P are high in the cores, not sufficient for nuclear fusion like stars Require millions of degrees!

13. Jupiter – The King of Planets Stripes, What are they?

14. The Red Spot – What is it? First seen by Galileo, over 350 years ago ! Twice the size of the Earth

15. A long lasting (over 300 years!!), internally powered, cyclonic storm (but what sustains it?)

16. Rapid rotation of Jupiter Period ~ 10 hrs  In spite of its size (318 times more massive than the Earth) it rotates 2 ½ times faster. But there is very little tilt of rotation axis (3 degrees)  No Seasons !

17. Internal energy source  Strong convection currents What provides the internal energy source ? Self-gravity!

18. Q3, A1140, SP15, Pradhan: No Curve

19. Jupiter – Vital Statistics Equatorial radius = 71,500 Kms Orbital period = 11.86 Earth years Mean density = 1.33 g/cc (3.5 times lower than Earth’s) Indicates mostly H2 interior, but at tremendous pressure  Metallic Hydrogen (conducts electricity!), up to about 20,000 Kms into the center Alternating lighter and darker stripes on the surface are zones of rising (warmer) and falling (cooler) material

20. Vertical Convection: “Belts” and “Zones” Cloud patterns are at different temperatures (altitudes) and wind speeds; tremendous “wind shear” (reverse direction at different altitudes)

21. Jovian Interior Mostly metallic hydrogen  electrically conducting interior  huge magnetic field

22. Jovian Magnetosphere Note that scale on bottom right! Jupiter’s magnetic field is 20,000 times stronger than Earth’s

23. Jupiter’s Magnetic Field 20,000 times stronger than Earth’s, due to convection in liquid metallic H2 interior; convection is due to rapid rotation “Fast electrons” produced when the solar wind hits Jupiter’s magnetosphere Lethal rays: density of particles is thousands of times fatal human dosage Magnetosphere extends up to Saturn, 5 AU away

24. Jupiter and the 4 Galilean Moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto

25. Relative sizes of Galilean Moons

26. Galilean Moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto  Rocky to Icy Io and Europa are mostly rocky but Ganymede and Callisto have more ices; Densities: 3.6, 3.0, 1.9, 1.8 g/cc respectively. (Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system)

27. Jovian Moons In addition to the 4 Galilean satellites, 12 other moons of Jupiter have been discovered Owing to Jupiter’s tidal effects all Galilean moons are ‘synchronous rotators’: they keep the same face towards Jupiter Voyager also found a ring around Jupiter, in between two small moons before Io Latest NASA probe of Jupiter is called Galileo

28. IO Closest large moon to Jupiter Orbital period = 42 hrs Surface has no impact craters, so less than 1 million years old Many volcanic craters – active volcanoes No water (too hot), but lots of sulfur on surface (sulfur condenses easily; appears black when heated)

30. Erupting volcanoes (taped live!)

31. Hot-spots at volcanoes

32. Io’s Volcanic Activity Eight volcanoes seen by Voyager (many more seen since) Plumes rise 100 miles, spread over hundreds of miles Surface temp roughly 700 F near volcanoes, -250 F away from them Caused by Jupiter’s tidal effect  large land tides, up to 100 yards in height Friction inside Io produces heat and volcanic activity (“squeezed” like a ketchup bottle !)

33. Pizza?

34. Volcanic features on Io

35. Typical volcanic feature on Io

36. Io’s orbit around Jupiter: Sulfur emission (spectral lines)

37. Io and Jupiter’s Magnetic Field Magnetic field rotates with the planet, and electrifies the orbit of IO  plasma (charged particles) torus surrounding orbit of IO; contains Sulfur ions S + (emission spectral lines detected on the Earth)

38. Electrically charged atmosphere surrounding Jupiter and orbit of Io

39. Radio emission from around Jupiter - “Synchrotron radiation” at radio wavelengths is produced by “fast electrons” from the magnetosphere - Jupiter’s radio signals are detected on the earth! Interfere with radio Communications with CB, short-wave radio, radar, UHF TV, etc.

40. Europa: Ice rafts moving on liquid water oceans Very thin Oxygen atmosphere has been detected on Europa

41. Comparison of Jovian Moons: Evolution due to Jupiter’s gravity Resolution Rocky  Icy

42. Sizes and Distances of Galilean Satellites Sizes relative to Earth’s Moon ( = 1): 1.1, 0.9, 1.5, 1.4 respectively

43. Many moons of Jupiter