1. Scientific Revolution (1542-1730)

2. Ancient Origins Three main areas of “natural philosophy” Three main areas of “natural philosophy” Astronomy, Physics, and Medicine Astronomy, Physics, and Medicine Aristotle and Physics Aristotle and Physics “Objects in their natural state are at rest” “Objects in their natural state are at rest” Ptolemy’s Model of the Universe Ptolemy’s Model of the Universe Earth (man) was the center of the universe Earth (man) was the center of the universe This is know as the geocentrism This is know as the geocentrism Galen and Medicine Galen and Medicine Made 1 st anatomical drawings of the human body Made 1 st anatomical drawings of the human body Made the 1 st eye surgery Made the 1 st eye surgery

3. Other Ancients Plato: Believed that truth lay in Plato: Believed that truth lay in essential but hidden forms essential but hidden forms Alchemy (Magic): Matter could be explained and transformed by mixing substances and using secret formulas Alchemy (Magic): Matter could be explained and transformed by mixing substances and using secret formulas Jewish idea of CABALA suggested that the universe is built around a magical arrangement of numbers (Math) Jewish idea of CABALA suggested that the universe is built around a magical arrangement of numbers (Math) Pythagoras: ancient Greek Pythagoras: ancient Greek mathematician suggested mathematician suggested that numbers connected all of nature that numbers connected all of nature

4. Early Breakthroughs Anatomy: Earliest book published in 1543 by Vesalius; The Structure of the Human Body. Anatomy: Earliest book published in 1543 by Vesalius; The Structure of the Human Body. Pointed out errors made by Galen Pointed out errors made by Galen Used dissections to redefine anatomical descriptions opening new doors of research Used dissections to redefine anatomical descriptions opening new doors of research

5. Copernicus (1473-1543) Astrology: the Polish cleric Astrology: the Polish cleric published his book; On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. published his book; On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Challenged Ptolemy’s Challenged Ptolemy’s Influenced by Neoplatonic ideas, decided the sun MUST be the center of the universe. (Heliocentric) Influenced by Neoplatonic ideas, decided the sun MUST be the center of the universe. (Heliocentric) Changed the calendar; Made 10 days disappear. Gregorian Calendar is born Changed the calendar; Made 10 days disappear. Gregorian Calendar is born

6. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric model

7. Brahe (1546-1601) Sought to help prove the Copernicus model Sought to help prove the Copernicus model Plotted the movements of the heavens every night for decades. Plotted the movements of the heavens every night for decades. Helpful, but not definitive Helpful, but not definitive Struggle to let go of the Ancient views/Religion. Struggle to let go of the Ancient views/Religion.

8. Kepler (1571-1630) Believed math was the key; was able to bring Copernicus and Brahe works together to further the Heliocentric model Believed math was the key; was able to bring Copernicus and Brahe works together to further the Heliocentric model Three Laws of Planetary Movements proved the orbits of the heavenly bodies Three Laws of Planetary Movements proved the orbits of the heavenly bodies Still this theory needed more Still this theory needed more

9. Galileo (1564-1642) Galileo was the most famous Galileo was the most famous of the “new” scientist. Studied of the “new” scientist. Studied physics and astrology. physics and astrology. Astrology: used a telescope to prove that Jupiter had satellites and the moon has mountains. Change the view of a perfect heaven Astrology: used a telescope to prove that Jupiter had satellites and the moon has mountains. Change the view of a perfect heaven Laws on earth as they are in Heaven; Published The Starry Messenger (1611) Laws on earth as they are in Heaven; Published The Starry Messenger (1611)

10. Galileo vs. The Church His theory threatened the Church; he agreed not to teach his ideas His theory threatened the Church; he agreed not to teach his ideas Asked and received permission to publish a book of his ideas (Pope Urban VIII) Asked and received permission to publish a book of his ideas (Pope Urban VIII) Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican. Cleared (by buddy) then forbidden. Cleared (by buddy) then forbidden.

11. Galileo vs. The Church cont. Galileo was forced to abjure his writings and beg for forgiveness. Galileo was forced to abjure his writings and beg for forgiveness. He continued to write and research; Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences about motion and inertia He continued to write and research; Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences about motion and inertia Died in 1642, year of Newton’s birth. Died in 1642, year of Newton’s birth.

12. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Newton is credited with bringing Newton is credited with bringing everything together. everything together. Studied all aspects of science Studied all aspects of science The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) sought to refute Descartes The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) sought to refute Descartes Three laws of motions; “objects in motion stay in motion”, F=ma, and Equal and opposite. Three laws of motions; “objects in motion stay in motion”, F=ma, and Equal and opposite. This law ruled both heaven and earth This law ruled both heaven and earth Newton was revered as a God Newton was revered as a God

13. Thinkers Bacon (1561-1626) not a scientist, but promoted science and thinking. Bacon (1561-1626) not a scientist, but promoted science and thinking. Inspired the Royal Society of London Inspired the Royal Society of London

14. Thinkers Descartes (1596-1650) Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Sciences (1637) Descartes (1596-1650) Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Sciences (1637)

15. Descartes Argued that reason must be considered. Argued that reason must be considered. Logic explains things better than science. Logic explains things better than science. “I think; therefore I am” “I think; therefore I am” There is a divide between thought and extension There is a divide between thought and extension

16. Institutions Society sprang up all over Europe Society sprang up all over Europe The focus was in Northern Europe, because of the Galileo situation. The focus was in Northern Europe, because of the Galileo situation. These were instrumental in spreading ideas and advancing science These were instrumental in spreading ideas and advancing science

17. Opponents Pascal (1623-1662) French Pascal (1623-1662) French who was the most ardent who was the most ardent opponent of science opponent of science He himself was a scientist to begin He himself was a scientist to begin Converted to Jansenism which salvation in the hands of God and God alone. Converted to Jansenism which salvation in the hands of God and God alone. Wrote The Penesees which served to trivialize science; “The heart has reasons, which reason can not know.” Wrote The Penesees which served to trivialize science; “The heart has reasons, which reason can not know.”