1. Toward the Modern Consciousness Ch. 13 Section 4

2. Review New kinds of cities Four new classes Changes for women Changes in education

3. Charles Darwin 1859 – published On the Origin of the Species –Organic Evolution – each kind of plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from earlier simpler forms of life Natural selection – w/i a species nature selects the organisms that are more adaptable to the environment than others Those that are naturally selected reproduce and survive  the “survival of the fittest” –The fit survive and pass on their traits that allowed them to survive until eventually a new separate species emerges The unfit do not survive, they die out

4. Charles Darwin 1871 – published The Descent of Man –Argued that human beings had animal origins and were not an exception to the rule of evolution Many condemned Darwin for denying God’s role in creation –Eventually many grew to accept his theory

5. New Science Charles Lyell – 1830 publishes The Principles of Geology –Offers evidence of the age of the earth –Upset many people – seems to contradict the Bible John Dalton – 1869 develops the Atomic Theory –Demonstrates how all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms –From this theory a Russian Chemist will develop a table of atomic weights The Periodic Table

6. New Physics Marie Curie – discovered that an element gave off energy (radiation) that came from w/i the atom –Atoms are not hard material bodies but small active worlds Albert Einstein – new view of the universe –1905 – Theory of Relativity Space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer Matter is nothing but another form of energy –Led to an understanding of the energy contained w/i an atom  leads to creation of the atomic bomb

7. Sigmund Freud 1900 – published Interpretation of Dreams –Human behavior is determined by past experiences and the unconscious mind Painful and unsettling experiences were hidden from a person’s conscious mind These hidden feeling influence b/h throughout our lives Repression of our painful experiences b/g in childhood –Freud developed psychoanalysis to deal with repressed experiences in our unconscious minds

8. Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis – modern day therapy –A therapist and patient explore deep into the patient’s memory By doing this they hope to retrace the chain of repressed thoughts all the way back to their childhood origins If the patient’s conscious mind could be made aware of the unconscious and repressed experiences the patient could be healed This is still used today!

9. Social Darwinism Early 1900’s – Darwin’s theory of natural selection was applied in a radical and racist manner –Social progress came from the struggle for survival The “fit” advanced while the weak declined Business men used this theory to explain their successes and the failure of the poor –The strong and fit had risen to the top and b/c rich; while the weak, stupid, and lazy had fallen by the wayside

10. Social Darwinism This theory was also applied to nations –Nationalists insisted that nations were in competition to survive and flourish Germany took this idea to heart –Many in Germany b/g to b/l that modern day Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans Aryans – original creators of Western culture –Jews were singled out as the racial enemy who were trying to destroy the Aryan race