1. CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta

2. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given information

3. Creative Thinking Divergent as well as convergent Grasping the problem After divergent categorization, logical thinking, evaluation, comparison, analysis Cycles of imaginative and rational

4. A model of creative Intelligence Problem sensitivity, curiosity Sensing of problems, issues, opportunities Convergent thinking ability, cause guessing ability Structuring of problems Problem restructuring ability

5. A model of creative Intelligence A new understanding of problem that facilitates interesting new approaches. Divergent thinking, search for alternative approaches, solutions Fluency Flexibility Originality

6. A model of creative Intelligence Evaluation through convergent thinking consequence guessing ability elaboration ( idea, approach, solution) Refinement through convergent thinking ability

7. Creative Thinking Techniques Brainstorming Attribute Listing Synectics Checklist of questions Structure problem- well understood, identify key dimensions Separate idea production from evaluation

8. Creative Thinking Techniques Ideate copiously Create constructive psychological strain- familiar to unfamiliar and back. Force wide shifts Identify most potent idea

9. Creative Environment Stimulation Nurturance Low- tension Constructive Feedback Opportunity to learn Diversity of viewpoints Freedom with accountability

10. Creative Environment Creators as role models Facilities creative norms and expectations of boss figure

11. Creative Problem Solving Problem – goal not achieved –unwanted symptoms Mechanisms –habit –logical analysis –using analogies

12. Creative Problem Solving Problem –Why –constraints hidden permanent –ignorance nature procedure solution

13. Creative Process Elaboration, setting aside several projects at a time envisioning read/hear creative masters reverie/stimulating experience

14. Creative Problem Solving Mechanisms – generating alternatives –evaluating alternatives –looking for information Creative –Use of fantasy and imagination –Playful connections –Viewing problem from unusual perspective –Brainstorming

15. Creative Problem Solving Process –preparation –incubation –illumination –verification

16. Process Regression Cycles of divergent and convergent diffused and scanning incubation- break, working on other problems, silent recess, setting aside, alternative work, many projects, envisioning, stimulating experience inspiration- sense of possession and compulsion

17. Brainstorming Defer Evaluation Quantity begets quality more fantastic ideas Hitch hike on previous ideas

18. Brainstorming Both groups as well as individuals Better ideas in second half for problems with multiple solutions concrete suggestions Specific topic Choosing ideas and developing them

19. Attribute Listing For designing/redesign specific product/service Building up, grafting, modifying List basic but modifiable attributes/properties/specifications Generate alternatives Grafting attributes of some other object

20. Attribute Listing Abstract/generic attributes –container, handling convenience, current function More specific the better separate modifiable from unmodifiable List all attributes

21. Attribute Listing What may be altered without changing the main function State as more general/abstract attributes What functions the attributes perform How critical are they to main function prioritizing attributes

22. Checklist of questions Questions- Divergent thinking ASARAMOMONA add subtract alter rearrange adapt

23. Checklist of questions magnify opposite minify other new alternative Dissatisfaction with status quo

24. Fluency Generating more ideas Resourcefulness More ideas- some good ideas associative thinking Censorship- silly/impractical Generate, then evaluate Fluency- flexibility, originality Practice situations in daily life

25. Flexibility A change –meaning, interpretation, use, understanding, strategy Looking from many angles implications of multi-dimensional situations

26. Problem restructuring Hawthorne Experiment Contingency naturopathy Discarding old ways of looking Creative use of deviance internal debate

27. Problem restructuring data going to roots- slums A habit of looking for opportunities in problem situations –Shoes, garbage

28. Convergent thinking classificatory mechanisms –verbalizing –listing the components –analogy and comparisons –display Analytical –factoring –seeking relationships among components –identifying steps to possible solutions –abstraction

29. Convergent thinking Analytical –formally defining –imposing constraints –establishing criteria –selecting by comparison of alternatives –working backwards –model building –symbols and classification –stereotyping –aphorisms

30. Convergent thinking Synthesis –seeking patterns –aggregation –incubation –juxtaposing inconsistent/extreme –broad model Optimization –refining till acceptable solution reached

31. Convergent Thinking substitution of parts addition/deletion/modification/alteration formalizing criteria

32. Creative thinking sensitivity guessing ability originality convergent thinking ability

33. Creative Organization Growth Strategy Competitive Strategy innovative scanning structure to facilitate innovation control to facilitate innovation culture building for innovation motivation conflict resolution

34. Creative Organization External Factors –Turbulent environment –unexpected change –sophisticated and demanding customers –vulnerable –ambitious and conflicting goals –organization doing very well

35. Creative Organization internal factors –ambitious and high operating targets –conflicting goals –desire to make organization unique and distinctive –diverse output –customized products –preference for new products, sophisticated and off beat, calculated risks, operating flexibility, innovative and expert orientation

36. Synectics Unconscious –instincts self preservation, reproduction, enormous energy, little self regulation Pre- conscious –Creativity –fantasizing wish fulfillment –imagining associative thinking and playful elaboration of images

37. Synectics Conscious –orderly, logical, evaluative, analytical combinatorial play free association ability to create scenarios dropping of real life constraints Analogy –direct, personal, fantasy, symbolic

38. Creative Organization Expertise –technical –procedural –intellectual Creative Thinking Skills –flexible, imaginative, challenging status quo, persevering through dry spells Intrinsic Motivation –passion and interest

39. Managerial practices Challenge –matching right people with right assignment –stretch –good information Freedom –concerning process not necessarily ends –stable and clearly defined goals –false autonomy

40. Managerial Practices Resources –time and money fake or impossibly tight deadlines sufficient resources –physical space

41. Managerial Practices Work Group Features –mutually supportive –diversity of perspectives and backgrounds –shared excitement to team’s goal –willingness to help others in difficult times –appreciation of other’s knowledge and perspectives

42. Managerial Practices Supervisory encouragement –recognition –lack of negativity –no premature evaluation –acting as role models

43. Managerial Practices organizational support –leader’s role –systems and procedures –recognition and reward –mandating information sharing and collaboration –tackling politics