1. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 International and Intra-regional trade in the 21 st century – transport issues/ Borderless Conference 26/27 February 2014 - Lagos

2. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013

3. International trade supply chain

4. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 The Supply Chain Source: David, P. (2004) Transportation

5. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 The aim of transport and trade facilitation! Reduce / eliminate barriers to trade Increase intra-regional and external trade Reduce the export trade cycle Enable the importer to receive value more quickly Increase trading activity and profitability Promote exports Establish a predictable and secure supply chain Multimodal ‘through’ transport documents Control transport cost Increased competitiveness

6. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 Lagos Ports Study – complex issues, not just infrastructure Terminal operators’ concession agreements Use & misuse of dry ports / ICDs Lack of container scanning capacity Inadequate quality haulage capacity Lack of intermodal / multimodal investment Over complex processes and procedures The regulatory environment Paper based trade environment Insufficient stakeholder co-ordination Confusion of clearance versus release times Infrastructure including access and road networks 6

7. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 The Regional Transport Issues 1.Transport infrastructure – small ports, road, rail, air 2.Lack of competition 3.Inter-modal capabilities and connectivity – containerisation where appropriate 4.High transport costs – small loads / consolidation 5.Need for common standards (axle weights, height etc) 6.Availability and capacity of suitable haulage – chilled units / ventilated units / skeletal units 7.Security (personnel and cargo) 8.Availability of appropriate warehousing 9.Import / export imbalance 10.Requirement for facilitated corridors 11.Need for cabotage / return loads

8. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 Trans african corridors 8

9. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 Corridor and clusters – single window Shipper Freight Forwarder Customs Carrier Cluster

10. Copyright © Crown Agents 2013 Transport options!