1. Production of Biodiesel

2. Diesel versus Biodiesel Diesel Petroleum product (Petra = rock; oleum = oil) Made from crude oil which takes millions of years to form Non-renewable resource Biodiesel Can be made from vegetable oils and animal fats Most commonly made from soybean and canola oil, vegetable crops that can be grown annually Can be made from waste oils and greases (from fryers of restaurants and factories) Renewable resource

3. How is biodiesel made? Primary source of biodiesel is vegetable oil Most plant oils and animal fats are triglycerides

4. How is biodiesel made? continued Reaction of transesterification Base catalyst is a strong base potassium hydroxide which is reacted to methanol to form methoxide. Other name: methyl alcohol

5. How is biodiesel made? continued Heat is also necessary to speed up the reaction The fatty acid tails are removed from the glycerol in the oils They are converted into esters (biodiesel)

6. Lab Objectives Perform a transesterification on a triglyceride (oil) to separate glycerol and fatty acids. Use a two phase process to increase conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel Observe the differences in burning properties between biodiesel and vegetable oil.

7. Safety First Gloves Goggles Lab apron CHEMICALS ARE CORROSIVE (CAN CAUSE BURN). CAUTION AROUND HOT PLATES PART OF YOUR GRADE WILL BE ON HOW YOU CAN FOLLOW SAFETY.

8. Materials 2 100 ml beakers Graduated cylinder 100 ml graduated cylinder 10 ml Thermometer Transfer pipettes Stirring rod 12.5 ml Methyl alcohol timer

9. Materials shared vegetable oil potassium hydroxide Electronic balance Hot plate

10. Making crude biodiesel – two phase process Methoxide preparation: mixing methanol with potassium hydroxide (steps 1 to 7) Phase 1 transesterification: react the oil with methoxide while heating to produce biodiesel esters and glycerol (steps 8 to 16) Phase 2 transesterification: convert any remaining triglycerides (oil) into biodiesel (steps 17 to 21)

11. Pre-lab: Procedure reading comprehension While reading the procedures 1 to 21: – Put a box around amounts/ grams or volumes/ml of chemicals. – Underline action verbs/phrase – Put a circle around times and temperature. – Draw the safety triangle symbol whenever there is safety issue. Example: 1. using an electronic balance, weigh out 0.6 g of potassium hydroxide. Continue shaking in 60 seconds increments. Heat the oil to 55-60°C.

12. Pre-lab: procedure flowchart Take the underlined, boxed, and circled information and put it into a flowchart. Add illustrations to your flowchart