1. Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326 Security and Defence Policy of the State Position and involvement of the Czech Republic in the international security architecture

2. Goals of lecture – To explain main points of European security architecture Rámcově představit prvky evropské bezpečnostní architektury – To outline its development and internal relations – To explain the involvement of Czech Republic into the international security architecture

3. Security architecture Peace and security architecture refers to the collection of organisations, mechanisms, and relationships through which the international, regional and local communities manage conflict, conflict prevention and peacebuilding. William Tow’s definition of security architecture as “an overarching, coherent and comprehensive security structure for a geographically-defined area, which facilitates the resolution of that region’s policy concerns and achieves its security objectives.“ the term ‘security architecture’ should only be employed in an over-arching macro-analytical sense rather than used interchangeably with other descriptors such as ‘institutions’ or ‘arrangements’

4. Security architecture The term ‘security architecture’ should only be employed in an over-arching macro-analytical sense rather than used interchangeably with other descriptors such as ‘institutions’ or ‘arrangements’ it should embody a sense of coherence… it should be sufficiently broad to accommodate the ‘comprehensive’ understandings of security so distinctive to the region… the terminology should not be used as a mere synonym for multilateral security institutions.

5. Genesis of security architecture Phase I - euphoria: 90s – the end of Cold War and the threat of nuclear armageddon New cooperation in the framework of UN, OSCE etc. European integration USSR desintegration The end of Warsaw packt

6. Genesis of security architecture Phase II - sobering: – Fragmentation of interests in the area of international relations – Relieving of tension after Cold War, but also worsening of finding compromise – Yugoslavian conflict was the exact example of impotence and clashes of interest of fragmented international community

7. Genesis of security architecture Phase III – evolution and pragmatism: Integration of East-European states into NATO and EU Finding of new ways, functions and future of these structures with due regards to the development of security environment (not only) in Europe

8. NATO & EU (ES) EU onlyOther European states NATO only Other statesWarsaw pact Other communist states Genesis of security architecture

9. Elements of European security architecture UN OSCE Council of Europe European Union NATO Western European Union Elements of Post-Soviet area: – Union of Sovereign States – Collective Security Treaty Organization – Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

10. United Nations UN is not and important actor in European security architecture It creates the main security framework for other security institutions, law and resolutions Its empowerment is supported by Russia in the long term

11. OSCE July 3, 1972 - the opening of negotiations in Helsinki (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) January 1, 1995 - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 56 members not only in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR): Organizing elections, monitoring missions, promotes democracy and rule of law, providing assistance and advice on institution-building and supervision of compliance with standards of the OSCE human dimension

12. Council of Europe The Council of Europe is an international organisation promoting co- operation between all countries of Europe in the areas of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It was founded in 1949, has 47 member states with some 800 million citizens, and is an entirely separate body from the European Union. The best known bodies of the Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights, and the European Pharmacopoeia Commission, which sets the quality standards for pharmaceutical products in Europe. The headquarters of the Council of Europe are in Strasbourg, France, with English and French as its two official languages. The Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress also use German, Italian, and Russian for some of their work.

13. European Union The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are primarily located in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area passport controls have been abolished. The monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002. It is currently composed of 18 member states that use the euro as their legal tender. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence.

14. NATO The intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack, was invoked for the first and only time after the 11 September 2001 attacks, after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO-led ISAF.

15. Relations within the European security architecture EU, NATO, OSCE – basic elements of European security architecture Regular contact, information interchange and strenghtening of cooperation mainly due to conflict in Yugoslavia in early 90s Relations between NATO and OSCE are based on so called platform of cooperative security (1999) -> NATO is ready to use its sources to support OSCE security activity Berlin plus (2003) Atlantic Council - USA 2006

16. Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326 Security and Defence Policy of the State Position and involvement of the Czech Republic in the international security architecture