1. Chapter 6 Decision Support System Development Turban, Aronson, and Liang Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Seventh Edition

2. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-49 Agile Development Agile development is a relatively new form of rapid prototyping, a RAD method. There are a number of these lightweight programming methodologies: extreme programming XP. Extreme programming are probably the most popular examples of agile processes these methods attempt to bypass much of the formalism inherit in the SDLC, and prototype. Most of the IT organizations are using agile software development processes. Agile methods are ideally suited for project that have unclear or rapidly changing requirement.

3. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-50 Agile Development Motorola Inc. has used elements of XP in some of its development organization, but found that it wasn’t useful for global development projects. Such projects require large team. Some developers feel that using extreme programming will drive higher quality and rapid application development.

4. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-51 Agile Development

5. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-52 Agile Development

6. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-53 Agile Development

7. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-54 Agile Development Rapid prototyping Used for: –Unclear or rapidly changing requirements –Speedy development Heavy user input Incremental delivery with short time frames Tend to have integration problems

8. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-55 DSS Development Methodology Prototyping Iterative design Evolutionary development Middle out process Adaptive design Incremental design

9. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-56 DSS Prototyping Short steps –Planning –Analysis –Design –Prototype Immediate stakeholder feedback Iterative –In development of prototype –Within the system in general –Evaluation integral part Control mechanism

10. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-57 DSS Prototyping Advantages –User and management involvement –Learning explicitly integrated –Prototyping bypasses information requirement –Short intervals between iterations –Low cost –Improved user understanding of system Disadvantages –Changing requirements –May not have thorough understanding of benefits and costs –Poorly tested –Dependencies, security, and safety may be ignored –High uncertainty –Problem may get lost –Reduction in quality –Higher costs due to multiple productions

11. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-58 DSS Development Methodology Evolutionary development Evolutionary is an integral part of the development process and is the control mechanism for the entire iterative design process. The Evolutionary mechanism is what keeps the cost and effort developing a DSS consistent with its values. At the end of the evolution a decision is made on whether to refine the DSS or to stop it. If the prototype is ok we move to the formal implementation of the DSS, which could include all the users training, and so on. All the analysis, design, construction, implementation, and evaluating steps are repeated in each successive refinement.

12. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-59 DSS Development Methodology Iterative design The Iterative design approach produces a specific DSS applications. The process is fairly straightforward for a DSS designed for personal support. The process becomes more complicated, Although not invalid, for a DSS the provide group support or organizational support. Specifically, there is a greater need for mechanism to support communication among users and developers. There is also a need for mechanisms to accommodate personal variations while maintaining a common core system that standard for all users.

13. Why prototyping © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-60

14. Why prototyping © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-61

15. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-62 Change Management

16. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-63 Change Management

17. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-64 Change Management Crucial to DSS People resistant to change Examine cause of change May require organizational culture shift Lewin-Schein change theory steps –Unfreeze Create awareness of need for change People support what they help create –Move Develop new methods and behaviors Change the magnitude and direction of the forces. –Refreeze Reinforce desired changes Establish stable environment

18. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-65 Change Management The ISA (Ideal State Analysis) process essentially follows the Lewin-Schein change theory in the following 3 steps: 1.Create the ideal future state. 2.Perform an honest assessment of the current state. 3.Develop a number of creative alternatives to bridge the gap between the current state and the ideal state.

19. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-66

20. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-67

21. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-68

22. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-69 DSS Technology Levels The classifications of technology levels is important not only for understanding the development of DSS but also for developing a framework for there use. There are 3 DSS technology level: 1.DSS primary tools 2.DSS integrated tool (generator) 3.Specific DSS. // HR InfoNet system ex.

23. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-70 DSS Technology Levels DSS primary tools At the lowest level of DSS technology are the primary tools. These fundamental elements facilitate the development of either a DSS generator or a specific DSS. Examples of DSS tools are programing languages, graphics, editors, query systems and random-number generators. Also include in this category are new web programming systems (jave,.Net, PHP) that contain objects that enhance the development of web based DSS/BI.

24. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-71 DSS Technology Levels DSS integrated tool A DSS integrated tool or DSS generator is an integrated development software package that provides a set of capabilities for building a specific DSS quickly, inexpensively, and easily. A generator has diverse capabilities ranging from modeling, report generation, and graphical display to performing risk analysis. These capabilities are integrated into an easy to use package. A popular PC-based generator is excel.

25. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-72 DSS Technology Levels DSS primary tools –Fundamental elements Programming languages, graphics, editors, query systems DSS generator (engine) –Integrated software package for building specific DSS Modeling, report generation, graphics, risk analysis Specific DSS –DSS application that accomplishes the work DSS primary tools are used to construct integrated tools that are used to construct specific tools

26. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-73

27. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-74