1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammals See lecture notes (from board) for much of the mammal, digestive system, and urinary system material.

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure A shows the hair root that all dolphins have buried in the skin. Figures B and C show with arrows the hairs that stick out around the time of birth. Figure D shows the dark pits that each contain the hair root below

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.16 Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore KeyIncisorsCaninesPremolarsMolars

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.UN03 Stages of food processing Undigested material INGESTION (eating) DIGESTION (enzymatic breakdown of large molecules) ABSORPTION (uptake of nutrients by cells) ELIMINATION (passage of undigested materials out of the body in feces) 1 2 3 4

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.9 Tongue Salivary glands Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Sphincter Liver Stomach Gall- bladder Small intestine Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Gall- bladder Stomach Liver Sphincter Esophagus Rectum Anus Mouth Anus Rectum Salivary glands Duodenum of small intestine

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.11a Gastric pit on the interior surface of stomach Gastric gland Mucous cell Chief cell Parietal cell Epithelium

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.11b-3 Pepsinogen Chief cell Production of gastric juice Parietal cell HCl Cl − H+H+ 1 1 Pepsinogen and HCl secreted into lumen HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. 2 2 Pepsin (active enzyme) Pepsin activates more pepsinogen, starting a chain reaction. 3 3

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.12 ORAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE (enzymes from pancreas) SMALL INTESTINE (enzymes from intestinal epithelium) CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION PROTEIN DIGESTION NUCLEIC ACID DIGESTION FAT DIGESTION Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) Maltose Smaller polysaccharides Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylases Disaccharides Disaccharidases Monosaccharides Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Smaller polypeptides Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Small peptides Dipeptidases, carboxy- peptidase, and aminopeptidase Amino acids DNA, RNA Pancreatic nucleases Nucleotides Nucleotidases Nucleosides Nucleosidases and phosphatases Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates Fat (triglycerides) Pancreatic lipase Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.13 Vein carrying blood to liver Blood capillaries Epithelial cells Large circular folds Muscle layers Villi Intestinal wall Nutrient absorption Lacteal Lymph vessel Villi (toward capillary) Lumen Epithelial cells Microvilli (brush border) at apical (lumenal) surface Basal surface

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.12c SMALL INTESTINE (enzymes from pancreas) CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION Smaller polypeptides Disaccha- rides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) Disaccharides Smaller polysaccha - rides Pancreatic amylases Small polypeptides PROTEIN DIGESTION NUCLEIC ACID DIGESTION FAT DIGESTION Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Pancreatic carboxy- peptidase Small peptides Amino acids DNA, RNA Nucleotides Fat (triglycerides) Pancreatic lipase Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Pancreatic nucleases

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.14 LUMEN OF SMALL INTESTINE Epithelial cell Triglycerides Fatty acids Monoglycerides Triglycerides Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins Chylomicron Lacteal Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids and monoglycerides by lipase. Monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse into epithelial cells and are reformed into triglycerides. Triglycerides are incorporated into chylomicrons. Chylomicrons enter lacteals and are carried away by lymph. 1 2 3 4

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.15 Ascending portion of colon Small intestine Appendix Cecum

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.UN04 Veins to heart Lymphatic system Hepatic portal vein Liver Mouth Esophagus Stomach Lipids Absorbed food (except lipids) Absorbed water Secretions from salivary glands Secretions from gastric glands Small intestine Secretions from liver Secretions from pancreas Large intestine Anus Rectum

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.17 Small intestine Carnivore Stomach Cecum Colon (large intestine) Small intestine Herbivore

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 41.19 Reticulum Esophagus Rumen Omasum Abomasum Intestine 4 3 2 1

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 44.7 Proteins Nucleic acids Nitrogenous bases Amino acids Amino groups Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails Ammonia UreaUric acid

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 44.12a Posterior vena cava Renal cortex Excretory Organs Kidney Structure Nephron Types Renal medulla Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Renal pelvis Renal medulla Renal cortex Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron Renal artery and vein Aorta Ureter Urethra Urinary bladder Kidney

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 44.12ba Loop of Henle Nephron Organization Afferent arteriole from renal artery Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Efferent arteriole from glomerulus Branch of renal vein Descending limb Ascending limb Vasa recta Collecting duct

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 44.8 Capillary Filtration Excretory tubule Reabsorption Secretion Excretion Filtrate Urine 1 2 3 4 urine

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 2 3

21. 1.Na+ acitively reabsorbed 2. Cl- passively reasbsorbed 3. H20 passively reabsorbed Creates concentration gradient One way set of reabsorption relationships is as follows: Na+ is reabsorbed with pumps/active transport creating a electrical gradient Cl- (an other anions) follows passively (attracted by + charges) Water then follows solutes. Important slide

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Figure 44.13 Proximal tubule 1 2543 Distal tubule Descending limb of loop of Henle Thick segment of ascending limb Thin segment of ascending limb Collecting duct CORTEX OUTER MEDULLA INNER MEDULLA Active transport Passive transport Interstitial fluid Filtrate Salts (NaCl and others) H2OH2O HCO 3  H+H+ Urea Glucose, amino acids Some drugs H2OH2O NH 3 H+H+ K+K+ H2OH2O HCO 3  NaCl Nutrients NaCl H2OH2O HCO 3  K+K+ H+H+ NaCl H2OH2O Urea 3

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 44.14-2 300 400 600 900 1,200 mOsm/L H2OH2O H2OH2O CORTEX OUTER MEDULLA Active transport Passive transport H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O INNER MEDULLA NaCl 100 200 100 400 700