2. Physical Properties of Matter Physical Properties of Matter Intensive Properties: Do not change regardless of quantity. Examples: Density, color, chemical composition Extensive Properties: Are dependent on quantity. Examples: grams, milliliters, moles ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent Yield Percent Yield = Theoretical Yield x 100 Actual Yield ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Molar Mass Molar Mass = Sum of all atomic masses in an compound or element, in grams per mole Example: NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40 g/mol # of particles in a mole # of particles in a mole = 6.02 x 10 23 (Avogadro’s number) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lewis Dot Structures Lewis Dot Structures: Only valence electrons are shown. Examples: H Compound formation:

3. Combined Gas Law Combined Gas Law P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 Where:P = pressure in atm., mmHg, torr T 1 T 2 V = volume in liters, milliliters T = temperature, Kelvin. K = 0 C + 273 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mass number Mass number = atomic mass = #protons + #neutrons Atomic Number Atomic Number = #protons

4. Percent Composition Percent Composition = molar mass of element of interest x 100 molar mass of compound Example: Percent composition of oxygen in water = molar mass of oxygen in water x 100 = 16 x 100 = 89 % molar mass of water 18 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH pH Where [H + ] = molar concentration of hydrogen ion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hydrated compounds, Nomenclature: Hydrated compounds, Nomenclature: Name of compound (prefix)- hydrate Examples: 1.CuSO 4 5 H 2 O = Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 2.FeCl 3 3H 2 O = Iron (III) chloride trihydrate ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Oxidation Oxidation: Charge increases; electrons are lost; oxygen is gained (sometimes) Reduction Reduction: Charge decreases; electrons are gained; oxygen is lost (sometimes)