1. Achieving Coverage and Compliance of Antenatal Calcium Supplementation for Prevention of Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia– Findings from Nepal
Dr Kusum Thapa FRCOG, MPH
Sr. Maternal Health Advisor
Maternal and Child Survival Program, Jhpiego

2. Brief Background
MMR is declining, though still high: 229/100,000 (MMS, 2008/9)
Eclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in Nepal
21% of total maternal deaths
29.8% of hospital maternal deaths
Nepal Maternal Mortality and morbidity Study, Family Health Division, 2008/9

3. Health Sector Strategy for Addressing Maternal Undernutrition (2013-17)
Study conducted in 2011
Recommended further evaluation of interventions for improving maternal nutrition- calcium supplementation during pregnancy
Nutrition surveillance, monitoring, evaluation and research
Explore avenues for calcium supplementation during pregnancy.
commissioned by the World Bank on behalf of MoH
Similarly, calcium deficiency has been associated with the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women; and in areas where dietary calcium intake is low, calcium supplementation during pregnancy is recommended (WHO, 2011; Lancet, 2013) for the prevention of pre-eclampsia and preterm births
A small acceptability study on mode of calcium supplementation during pregnancy identified that tablet was preferred over the sachets. Currently, another pilot in one district is assessing the coverage and compliance and to determine if calcium supplementation interferes with IFA supplementation(JPHEIGO)
There is paucity of information on the extent of the problem of calcium deficiency among women in Nepal.

4. Objectives of the Operations Research Study
Post-Intervention Cluster Household Survey
Women who had given birth in the last six months (recently delivered women) in the intervention district.
Assess coverage and compliance
Assess acceptability and feasibility of antenatal calcium supplementation program in one hill district of Nepal.
The household survey of recently delivered women (RDW) employed a cluster sampling approach, using Village Development Committees and wards as the units of clustering, to select women who had given birth in the last six months. Sample size calculations were based on estimating ANC coverage in the general population of pregnant women and among women who received calcium, as well as compliance with the recommended calcium regimen among women who received calcium. Calculations used a one-sample proportion with high precision (5%), including a design effect of 2 for the cluster design and estimated non-response rate of 10%. A total of 1,230 women were required to achieve statistical significance.

5. Building the System for Implementation
District Level Policy Makers:
Introduction of a drug not yet on essential drugs list
Storage and distribution logistics
ANC Providers day long orientation:
Compliance counselling
Retrain in PEE management
Calcium distribution logistics
Female Community Health Volunteers day long orientation:
Reinforce counselling messages
Conducted district level training of trainers, and trained all the ANC health workers, both skilled and other (268) and FCHVs (810)

6. Distribution and Compliance
9246 pregnant women coming for their first ANC visit after the 3rd month gestational age or onwards
Compliance:
Calcium to be taken every day for 150 days
One gram daily (2 tablets containing 500 mg each of elemental calcium) taken at once
Calcium in the morning after meal
Iron to be taken in the evening
Distribution eligibility: all pregnant women at first ANC visit after the 3rd month gestational age and onwards
Calcium were distributed to 9,246 pregnant women from June 2012 to August 2013
MissionPharma, India – per women $ 2.87
Curex Pharmaceuticals, Nepal - $ 4.76

7. Calcium Related BCC Material
Brochure PW
Flip Chart for FCHV
Flex at health facility
Calcium Bag for PW

8. Survey Results 1,240 recently delivered women (RDW) surveyed
Calcium coverage =
94.6% of RDW surveyed
1,173 attended ANC
(94.6%)
67 No ANC
(5.4%)
Missed 5% : who never came for ANC
SOLUTION = limited distribution through FCHVs
1,173 received counseling and calcium
(100% )
Received full course =
82.3% (300 tablets)
965 received
300 tablets (82.3%)
161 received
200 tablets (13.7%)
47 received
100 tablets
(4.0%)
Missed 5% (probably the most vulnerable) who never came for ANC
Antenatal care,
at least one visit 84.8% **
four or more visits 50.1% **
median months pregnant at first ANC 3.7 **
**Nepal Demographic Health Services 2011
Missed 17.7%: came to ANC too late
SOLUTION = Encourage early ANC

9. Calcium Compliance Results Consumed full course = 67.3%
(150 days or 300 tablets)
Significant predictors of completing a full course:
gestational age at first ANC visit
number of ANC visits during their most recent pregnancy (p<0.01).
99.2% of women reported compliance with respect to dose, timing and frequency.
99.8% reported taking calcium and iron at separate times of the day.

10. Calcium Supplementation Feasibility
100% of clients making ANC visit were provided calcium tablets
Screening services were regularly provided at ANC visit
Women reported no problem with storing calcium
97.5% would recommend taking calcium to other pregnant women
FCHVs and health workers played their roles well.

11. Implementation Challenges
Cost of commodity per woman: $2.87- $4.86 (approx. 2-4 times that of iron)
Continuing concerns of GON regarding the sustainability to cover cost for nation-wide scale up
Require large storage space: calcium is bulky
Size of the tablet
Ongoing debate regarding dosage as WHO most recent recommendation is for gm.

12. THANK YOU!