1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 66

2. 2 Office Hour Invitations April 4 th (WEDNESDAY), 11:30-12:30 Kenny 2517 12327078 29192101 38804092 41116096 45214103 45611100 63881080 67489088 75409094 78156098 91079079 93546209

3. 3 In addition to questions related to lecture content, the exam will include questions related to chapters 11 (294-299), 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the textbook. The exam will consist of 20 multiple choice questions (1 point each) and short answer questions (2-8 points each, totaling 30 points). The exam is worth 20% of your final grade. The exam will be scored out of 50 points. Exam: April 19, 8:30-11:00 AM, CIRS 1250

4. 4 Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams. Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam. All electronic devices must be put away before the start of the exam. Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Valuables (e.g., laptops) may be placed under your seat. Hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam.

5. 5 Office Hours I will hold the following office hours in April to assist students with exam preparation: Friday, April 13: 3:30-4:30 Tuesday, April 17: 1:00-3:00 Wednesday, April 18: 12:30-2:30 In light of the University’s closure on Monday, April 9, Sarah (Q-Z) will hold her office hour next week on Tuesday, April 10, 12:00-1:00.

6. 6 Reminder Course evaluations will be available online until April 10 th. If you have not received an e-mail regarding evaluations, visit: https://eval.olt.ubc.ca/arts. Your feedback is extremely valuable—both to the Psychology Department and to me. I modify courses on the basis of student feedback. Please complete your evaluation for this course. Your evaluation will be secure and anonymous. 6

7. 7 1.What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued) 2. What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements? Exploitation, Violence, Oppression, Equality, Equity, and Social Change:

8. 8 2. discuss global efforts to eliminate gender-based exploitation, violence, and oppression. 1. generate global examples of gender-based exploitation, violence, and oppression. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. define the gender development index (GDI) and gender empowerment measure (GEM)..

9. 9 5. identify action that you may take against gender-based exploitation, violence, and oppression. 4. discuss Canada’s relative ranking on the GDI and GEM.

10. 10 Rwanda: Males were subject to sex-selective massacre by the “genocidaires” (Carpenter, 2006). What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

11. 11 Following the Rwandan genocide, 70% of the country’s population was female (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009). “The opening blast of the genocide was accompanied by an injunction not to repeat the ‘mistake’ of the 1959 revolution, when male children had been spared only to return as guerilla fighters” (Jones, 2001).

12. 12 Saudi Arabia: Females are not permitted to drive and cannot travel without the permission of a male guardian (Slavin, 2009). Turkey: Each year, at least 200 females are the victims of honour killings (Moore, 2001). The UN estimates there are 5000 honour killings a year (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

13. 13 Ukraine: More than 70% of unemployed individuals are female. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed females have been transported to the West; one-fifth have sex trafficked (Kutova, 2000). United States: 22% of women who report that their age at first intercourse was less than 15 indicate that it was not voluntary (Lips, 2006).

14. 14 Yugoslavia: Adolescent and adult males were subject to summary execution, forced conscription into military service, rape, and sexual mutilation.

15. 15 What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements? Three primary goals characterize contemporary equality movements: 1. Greater flexibility in the social construction of gender. “It is not the biological nature of females and males that serves as the major foundation for people’s view of gender or gender-related activities and preferences, but their conception of what it means to be female or male in our society” (Etaugh & Bridges, 2010).

16. 16 2. Gender equality in relationship power. Movement to egalitarian relationships. Educational and economic equity for females and males. Implementation and enforcement of laws and services to aid victims of violence, harassment, and stalking. Examples:

17. 17 Mandatory arrest policies for spousal assault. Marital rape laws. Residential shelters for victims of family violence. Women’s courts, rape courts. Women’s police stations. Government-operated hotlines. “Protective” laws for individuals who have fled from abuse.

18. 18 3. Gender equality in organizational power. Implementation and enforcement of antidiscrimination legislation in the workplace. Balanced representation of the sexes in top management positions. Balanced representation of the sexes in political office and the legal system.

19. 19 In relation to these goals, Canada has performed well in comparison to other countries. Gender Development Index (GDI): Reflects sex disparities in adult literacy rates, longevity, and purchasing power. Canada’s GDI score =.956 (maximum = 1), ranking 4 th out of 157 countries.

20. 20 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM): Reflects women’s share of parliament seats; women’s share of administrative, managerial, professional, and technical jobs; and women’s earning power (i.e., access to jobs and wages). Canada’s GEM score =.820, (maximum = 1), ranking 10 th out of 93 countries.

21. 21 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Sex and gender diversity History Measurement Biological differences Gender development Intelligence and cognitive abilities Emotion Friendship Romantic relationships Sexuality Education Careers and work Achievement Physical health Mental health Exploitation, oppression, and violence

22. 22 What action can YOU take? 1. Donate money to organizations seeking gender equality and equity (e.g., www.globalgiving.org; www.kiva.org). 2. Sponsor a child or adult in a developing country (e.g., via Plan International, World Vision). 3. Sign up for e-mail updates from organizations working on gender-related issues (e.g., www.worldpulse.com).

23. 23 4. Engage in citizen advocacy; write to or meet with local politicians to voice your concerns. 5. Engage in university or local initiatives that support gender equality and equity. Please e-mail me if you are interested in leading or participating in an interdisciplinary, student-led, gender- based initiative at UBC.

24. 24 “Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, Who am I to be brilliant,... talented, fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? …. Your playing small does not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won’t feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine …. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.” Marianne Williamson

25. 25 1.What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued) 2. What goals characterize contemporary “equality” movements? Exploitation, Violence, Oppression, Equality, Equity, and Social Change: