1. Aquatic Ecology374 First Term of year 1432- 1433 Dr.Promy -Nuha AL- Abdulhadi lab 2

3. Zooplankton

4. It is the microscopic free swimming animal components of aquatic systems. the members belonging to 1-Protozoa 2- Rotifera 3-Cladocera 4- Copepoda are most common

5. Importance of Zooplankton in the aquatic environment. 1-zooplankton play a role in aquatic food webs, as a resource for consumers on higher trophic levels (including fish), and as a conduit for packaging the organic material in the biological pump.

6. Features: 1- often armoured with spines 2- The ability of movement not only provide them an effective defence measure but also enable them to actively search and feed upon the phytoplankton. 3- Their high and rapid rate of parthenogenetic reproduction usually overcomes the predation losses and enable them to exploit algal blooms. 4- They constitute an important link between primary producers and consumers of higher order in aquatic food webs.

7. Protozoa: Is heterogeneous assemblage of single celled, minute,aquatic or parasitic uninucleate or multinucleate organisms.

8. Features of Protozoa: 2-The inner portion the body is called the endoplasm 3-the ectoplast, secretes the outer definite membrane,the pellicle in some members. 4-Locomotion takes place either through the extension of the temporary projections,the pseudopodia or with the help of cilia or flagella.

9. Features of Protozoa: 5- Food particles are directly ingested either from the surface of the body or through definite mouth. 6- In higher forms contractile vacuole, the special excretory organelle opens to the exterior through temporary opening in the ectoplasm In some members indigestible food is thrown out through an (anal) opening, which a permanent structure.. 7- Most Reproduction either takes place by binary fission or multiple fission.

10. Protozoa : are divided into four classes, namely 1- Flagellata(Mastigophora), 2-Sporozoa, 3-Rhizopoda 4- Ciliata (Ciliophora)

11. , ex:Amoeba 1- Body shape irregular,asymmetrical and changes constantly. 2- pseudopodia and the body with ecto and endplasm. 3-without shell or pellicle,covered with plasmalemma 4-usually uni-or binucleate ; single contractile and food vacuoles.

12. ex:Amoeba

13. Order(1): Trichostomina : Family (1): Paramecidae 1-Body elongated ;slipper, cigar or spindle shaped; 2- usually anterior end rounded. 3-pellicle firm and elastic 4-body uniformly ciliated 5-nuclei-2,one micro and one macronucleus 8- contractile vacuole –two, one in front and the second in the rear half commonly called slipper animalcule. Ex:Paramecium.

14. Ex:Paramecium.

15. Ex:Vorticella 1-Body inverted bell shaped. 2-usually in groups 3-two circles of cilia on the disc ;endoplasm with a long and horse –shoe shaped macronucleus a small micronucleus,colorless, green or blue

16. Vorticella Ex:Vorticella

17. Rotifera: 1-Members of this are commonly called (wheels animalcules). 2-Mostly bilaterallly symmetrical. 3-Body usually sac shaped or cylindrical. 4- Outer cuticular covering is thin and flexible or sometimes hardened is usually ornamented. 6-Body is transparent and internal organs are visible in living organisms. 7- Body is divided into head,trunk and the post-anal part. the foot,which possesses toes and the secretion of its glands help the organisms to stick. 8- Apical area of the head,bears wheel organ,the corona,which helps in swimming and food collection.Corona consists of circle of cilia around mouth.

18. Ex: Brachionus 1-anterior end with 2,4 or 6 spines 2-posterior end angled,rounded or with 1 to 2 spines 3- foot opening posterior; foot long,worm like,wrinkled, flexible,sharply 4-eyes present

19. Brachious Ex: Brachionus

20. Order:Cladocera (Water –Fleas) 1-The size of these crustaceans vary from.02mmto 3.0mm or more. 2-The external segmentation of the body is completely lost 3- 3-Head is distinct and separated from the rest of the body by means of a marked depression,called notch. 4-The trunk is invariably covered either partly or completely, by bivalve carapace. 5-Head bears two light sensitive organs,the large compound eye. 6-Head bears two pairs of appendages,first antennae and second antennae.

21. DAPHINA ex :Daphnia

22. Copepods are a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat. - Copepods are typically 1 to 2 millimetres (0.04 to 0.08 in) long, with a teardrop shaped body and large antennae. Although like other crustaceans they have an exoskeleton, they are so small that in most species it is almost totally transparent. - Like other crustaceans, copepods possess two pairs of antennae; the first pair are often long.crustaceansfreshwater habitatantennae crustaceansexoskeletonantennae

23. Ex2: Colurella Cyclops

24. OSTRACODA(Mussel or Seed Shrimps) 1- Members of the Ostracoda are commonly called Mussel Shrimps.They are small crustaceans 2-Body is completely enclosed in the bivalve carapace shell 3-Outer wall is smooth or variously ornamented and colored (e.g)greenish,yellowish,whitish,blackish or brownish).It is impregnated with calcium carbonate 4-Head region is very large and the trunk reduced. 5-Eye is visible through the shell single or double,sometimes absent.

25. 6- Majority of freshwater forms with seven pair of appendages –first and second antenna, mandible,maxilla,and 3-thoracic legs. 7-Head appendages are well developed.

26. ex:Cypris 1-Shells tumid,broad, length lesser than twice the width; shells covered with tubercles and hairs

28. NUHA