1. Electrical Systems Efficiency Bill Tschudi, LBNL WFTschudi@lbl.gov

2. Electrical Systems Efficiency Electrical distribution systems Electrical distribution systems Lighting Lighting Standby generation Standby generation On-site generation On-site generation

3. Electrical Distribution Every power conversion (AC DC, DC AC, AC AC) loses some power and creates heat Every power conversion (AC DC, DC AC, AC AC) loses some power and creates heat Distributing higher voltage is more efficient and saves capital cost (wire size is smaller) Distributing higher voltage is more efficient and saves capital cost (wire size is smaller) Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) efficiency varies Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) efficiency varies Power supplies in IT equipment efficiency varies Power supplies in IT equipment efficiency varies

4. Overall Power Use in Data Centers Courtesy of Michael Patterson, Intel Corporation

5. Inverter InOut Bypass Battery/Charger Rectifier Internal Drive External Drive I/O Memory Controller  Processor SDRAM Graphics Controller DC/DC AC/DC DC/DC AC/DC Multi output Power Supply Voltage Regulator Modules 5V 12V 3.3V 12V 1.5/2. 5V 1.1V- 1.85V 3.3V 12V PWM/PFC Switcher Unregulated DC To Multi Output Regulated DC Voltages Data Center Power Conversions Power Distribution Unit (PDU) Server Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) AC DC AC DC

6. UPS Factory Measurements Typical Operation

7. Measured Power Supply Efficiency Typical operation

8. Typical AC Distribution Today 480 Volt AC

9. Facility-Level DC Distribution 380V.DC 480 Volt AC

10. Rack-Level DC Distribution 480 Volt AC

11. AC System Loss Compared to DC AC System Loss Compared to DC 7-7.3% measured improvement 2-5% measured improvement Rotary UPS

12. Video of DC Demonstration is Available

13. Data Center Lighting Lights are on and nobody’s home Lights are on and nobody’s home Lighting controls are well proven – why not use them? Lighting controls are well proven – why not use them? Small benefit but easy to accomplish – also saves HVAC energy Small benefit but easy to accomplish – also saves HVAC energy DC lighting would compliment DC distribution DC lighting would compliment DC distribution

14. Standby Generation Loss Several load sources Several load sources Heaters Heaters Battery chargers Battery chargers Transfer switches Transfer switches Fuel management systems Fuel management systems Heaters (many operating hours) use more electricity than the generator will ever produce (few operating hours) Heaters (many operating hours) use more electricity than the generator will ever produce (few operating hours) Opportunity may be to reduce or eliminate heating, batteries, and chargers Opportunity may be to reduce or eliminate heating, batteries, and chargers

15. Standby Generator Heater

16. On-Site Generation On-site generation with utility back-up On-site generation with utility back-up Thermal host required for combined heat and power Thermal host required for combined heat and power –Absorption or adsorption chillers –Other campus use Renewable sources (future) Renewable sources (future) –Fuel cells –Solar –Wind

17. Take Aways Distributing higher voltage (AC or DC) is more efficient Distributing higher voltage (AC or DC) is more efficient Electrical power conversions are inefficient Electrical power conversions are inefficient Highly efficient UPS’s should be specified Highly efficient UPS’s should be specified Highly efficient IT equipment power supplies should be specified Highly efficient IT equipment power supplies should be specified Lighting is a small but low hanging opportunity Lighting is a small but low hanging opportunity Standby generation losses can be minimized Standby generation losses can be minimized On-site generation can improve reliability and efficiency On-site generation can improve reliability and efficiency

18. website: http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/