1. Stalin the last years or, How We Really Miss You

2. The great patriotic war 22 June 1941: Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the USSR 22 June 1941: Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the USSR Soviet reports on German build-up Soviet reports on German build-up Stalin reluctant to acknowledge this was a genuine threat of invasion Stalin reluctant to acknowledge this was a genuine threat of invasion British counter-intelligence distorted information on German maneuvers British counter-intelligence distorted information on German maneuvers British hoping to precipitate Soviet response to what appeared to be provocative German actions British hoping to precipitate Soviet response to what appeared to be provocative German actions Hitler would not risk 2-front war Hitler would not risk 2-front war

3. The great patriotic war Stalin rejects espionage reports of imminent German invasion and reports from contacts in German Luftwaffe that invasion was planned Stalin rejects espionage reports of imminent German invasion and reports from contacts in German Luftwaffe that invasion was planned German disinformation German disinformation continued to offer military and economic assistance to Germans up to the eve of the invasion continued to offer military and economic assistance to Germans up to the eve of the invasion

4. The great patriotic war Stalin: Rational or Delusional? Stalin: Rational or Delusional? Ian Kershaw: Ian Kershaw: Stalin had limited options Stalin had limited options Soviet military not strong enough for pre-emptive strike on Germany Soviet military not strong enough for pre-emptive strike on Germany only hope was line of least resistance in attempt to avert German aggression only hope was line of least resistance in attempt to avert German aggression

5. The great patriotic war Stalin: Rational or Delusional? Stalin: Rational or Delusional? victim of his own propaganda victim of his own propaganda had portrayed Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact as result of masterly diplomacy had portrayed Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact as result of masterly diplomacy could not admit he had failed & taken advantage of by Hitler could not admit he had failed & taken advantage of by Hitler

6. The great patriotic war Stalin: Rational or Delusional? Stalin: Rational or Delusional? for 2 days Stalin stayed in his dacha given no orders or instructions for 2 days Stalin stayed in his dacha given no orders or instructions no one could act to direct resistance to Germans no one could act to direct resistance to Germans Soviet forces reeled from surprise and power of German offensive Soviet forces reeled from surprise and power of German offensive

7. The great patriotic war Stalin: Rational or Delusional? Stalin: Rational or Delusional? Biggest Mistake: Biggest Mistake: not misreading German intentions not misreading German intentions decimating Red Army high command in his Purges, 1938-1939 decimating Red Army high command in his Purges, 1938-1939

8. The great patriotic war Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa Germans Germans 3,000,000 troops 3,000,000 troops 500,000 motorized vehicles 500,000 motorized vehicles 4,000 tanks 4,000 tanks 3,000 aircraft 3,000 aircraft Soviets Soviets matched German troop numbers matched German troop numbers 4X the tanks 4X the tanks 3X the aircraft 3X the aircraft almost collapsed while forces organized and moved almost collapsed while forces organized and moved

9. The great patriotic war Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? 1.Stalin Recovered his Nerve by 3 July 1941 2.Barbarossa launched late—June instead of May 3.General Winter 4.Nazi Racism

10. The great patriotic war Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Stalin Recovered his Nerve by 3 July 1941 Stalin Recovered his Nerve by 3 July 1941 o 3 July 194: radio appeal to defend Mother Russia— appeal to nationalism o adopted scorched earth policy o remained in Moscow in October 1941 when it looked like it would fall to Germans

11. The great patriotic war Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Barbarossa launched late—June instead of May Barbarossa launched late—June instead of May o Barbarossa was delayed by 6 weeks o primarily need to divert German forces to help Mussolini in Greece

12. The great patriotic war Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? General Winter General Winter o Autumnal rains brought thick mud o December 1941 counter attack by Marshall Zhukov o Germans not prepared for winter warfare—clothing, supplies, lubricants, food

13. The great patriotic war Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail? Nazi Racism Nazi Racism o many Soviets at first welcomed Nazis as liberators o many were seen as ethnic untermenschen —especially Ukraine o met with German ferocity, superiority & barbarism

14. The great patriotic war Character of the War Character of the War war of attrition—w/Soviet forces drawing Germns deeper & deeper into Russia before counter-attacking war of attrition—w/Soviet forces drawing Germns deeper & deeper into Russia before counter-attacking Casualties: height of war, 1941-1942, averaged 15,000 killed/day Casualties: height of war, 1941-1942, averaged 15,000 killed/day 5,500,000 became POWs—4,000,000 shot or died in captivity 5,500,000 became POWs—4,000,000 shot or died in captivity brutal treatment form own leaders brutal treatment form own leaders

15. The great patriotic war Character of the War Character of the War “1. Commanders and workers who during battle desert or surrender to the enemy are to be considered malicious deserters. Their families are to be arrested as the relatives of deserters who have broken their oaths of service and betrayed their motherland. All commanders and commissars are to shoot deserters on the spot.” “1. Commanders and workers who during battle desert or surrender to the enemy are to be considered malicious deserters. Their families are to be arrested as the relatives of deserters who have broken their oaths of service and betrayed their motherland. All commanders and commissars are to shoot deserters on the spot.” “2. Units and sub-units that are surrounded by the enemy are to fight selflessly to the last man.” “2. Units and sub-units that are surrounded by the enemy are to fight selflessly to the last man.”

16. The great patriotic war Character of the War—The Battle of Stalingrad Character of the War—The Battle of Stalingrad became symbol of Russian resistance became symbol of Russian resistance Stalin demanded city be defended to the death Stalin demanded city be defended to the death Hitler: “’The Führer orders that on entry to the city the entire male population be done away with.’” Hitler: “’The Führer orders that on entry to the city the entire male population be done away with.’” on entry Germans met such fierce fighting that the besiegers became the besieged—”fight to last soldier and the last bullet.” on entry Germans met such fierce fighting that the besiegers became the besieged—”fight to last soldier and the last bullet.”

17. The great patriotic war Character of the War—The Battle of Stalingrad Character of the War—The Battle of Stalingrad Germans deprived of supplies and reinforcements Germans deprived of supplies and reinforcements surrendered on 31 January 1943 surrendered on 31 January 1943 200,000 German KIA 200,000 German KIA 91,000 POWs—only 6,000 survive captivity 91,000 POWs—only 6,000 survive captivity Hitler’s Sixth Army completely destroyed Hitler’s Sixth Army completely destroyed broke myth of German invincibility broke myth of German invincibility

18. The great patriotic war Character of the War—The Battle of Stalingrad Character of the War—The Battle of Stalingrad USSR encircled German forces USSR encircled German forces more than 1,000,000 Soviet KIA more than 1,000,000 Soviet KIA life expectancy of Soviet soldier on the front—24 hours life expectancy of Soviet soldier on the front—24 hours

19. The great patriotic war Character of the War—The Battle of Kursk Character of the War—The Battle of Kursk 5 July 1943 Germans launched Operation Citadel in effort to take advantage of Soviet defensive positions 5 July 1943 Germans launched Operation Citadel in effort to take advantage of Soviet defensive positions Germans: 700,000 troops; 2,400 tanks, 1,800 aircraft Germans: 700,000 troops; 2,400 tanks, 1,800 aircraft USSR: 1,300,000 troops, 3,400 tanks, 2,100 aircraft USSR: 1,300,000 troops, 3,400 tanks, 2,100 aircraft final German strategic offensive in the East final German strategic offensive in the East

20. The great patriotic war Character of the War—The Battle of Kursk Character of the War—The Battle of Kursk largest series of armored battle in history largest series of armored battle in history largest single-day aerial battle of the war largest single-day aerial battle of the war 12 days of battle before Germans broke off the fighting 12 days of battle before Germans broke off the fighting from here on Soviets would have initiative during war from here on Soviets would have initiative during war

21. The great patriotic war Impact of War on Soviet People Impact of War on Soviet People 1/2 Soviet population under German occupation 1/2 Soviet population under German occupation 1/3 Soviet industry in German hands 1/3 Soviet industry in German hands Iron & Steel Production declined 60% Iron & Steel Production declined 60% Rail system reduced by 40% Rail system reduced by 40% livestock reduced by 60% livestock reduced by 60% grain stock reduced 40% grain stock reduced 40%

22. The great patriotic war Wartime Reorganization Wartime Reorganization Much of Soviet industry disassembled and relocated in eastern parts of country Much of Soviet industry disassembled and relocated in eastern parts of country July-December 1941: 2593 industrial enterprises moved using 1.5 million rail cars July-December 1941: 2593 industrial enterprises moved using 1.5 million rail cars

23. The great patriotic war Wartime Reorganization Wartime Reorganization all adults not in essential war work conscripted all adults not in essential war work conscripted 1944: over 2,000,000 women in Red Army, including some all-women units 1944: over 2,000,000 women in Red Army, including some all-women units women, children & elderly forced into industrial labor—arms production top priority—over 50% national income women, children & elderly forced into industrial labor—arms production top priority—over 50% national income aided by Lend-Lease from USA aided by Lend-Lease from USA

24. The great patriotic war Stalin in the War Stalin in the War blamed military failures on internal sabotage blamed military failures on internal sabotage persecuted those deemed responsible persecuted those deemed responsible many Soviet troops had deserted many Soviet troops had deserted many Soviets had fought for Germans many Soviets had fought for Germans forms basis to justify new purges of the army at the end of the war forms basis to justify new purges of the army at the end of the war

25. The great patriotic war Stalin in the Post-War Stalin in the Post-War more paranoid at end of the war more paranoid at end of the war Stalin demanded repatriation of released Allied POWs to their countries of origin—many Soviets citizens had fought w/Nazi—Allies resisted, but eventually agreed Stalin demanded repatriation of released Allied POWs to their countries of origin—many Soviets citizens had fought w/Nazi—Allies resisted, but eventually agreed mass execution of returned POWs mass execution of returned POWs blame extended from individual to communities, i.e. virtual elimination of Cossacks blame extended from individual to communities, i.e. virtual elimination of Cossacks Soviet soldiers captured by Germans were considered to have collaborated—executed or into camps Soviet soldiers captured by Germans were considered to have collaborated—executed or into camps

26. The great patriotic war Stalin in the Post-War Stalin in the Post-War Stalin as War Hero Stalin as War Hero portrayal ordered by Stalin—propaganda portrayal ordered by Stalin—propaganda

27. The great patriotic war Religion in the War & After Religion in the War & After Stalin emphasized patriotism & nationalism during WW II, not politics Stalin emphasized patriotism & nationalism during WW II, not politics eased persecution of churches—Russians still had deep religious instinct eased persecution of churches—Russians still had deep religious instinct Church leaders responded by turning religious services into patriotic gatherings—passionate defiance of Germans & rally behind the great leader, Stalin Church leaders responded by turning religious services into patriotic gatherings—passionate defiance of Germans & rally behind the great leader, Stalin

28. The great patriotic war Economy in the War & After Economy in the War & After Scorched Earth Policy = survival Scorched Earth Policy = survival shift to total war economy shift to total war economy “We must strengthen the Red Army’s rear, subordinating all our work to this end. All our industries must be made to work with greater intensity, to produce more rifles, machine-guns, cartridges, shells, planes…”—Stalin, extract from his ‘Mother Russia’ speech, 3 July 1941 “We must strengthen the Red Army’s rear, subordinating all our work to this end. All our industries must be made to work with greater intensity, to produce more rifles, machine-guns, cartridges, shells, planes…”—Stalin, extract from his ‘Mother Russia’ speech, 3 July 1941

29. The great patriotic war Economy in the War & After Economy in the War & After severe industrial & economic losses (see previous slides) severe industrial & economic losses (see previous slides) Soviet expansion had centered on area west of Ural Mountains—most vulnerable to German attack Soviet expansion had centered on area west of Ural Mountains—most vulnerable to German attack 1942: 50% of national income devoted to military tasks 1942: 50% of national income devoted to military tasks vast relocation of Soviet industries to the East vast relocation of Soviet industries to the East

30. Wartime Production WARTIME PRODUCT 1940 = 100 1941194219431944 Nat’l Income 92667488 Total Industry 987790104 Armaments 140186224251 Fuel 94535975 Agricultural 42383754

31. The great patriotic war Economy in the War & After Economy in the War & After Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950) Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950) restore production to pre-war levels restore production to pre-war levels achieved in 3 years achieved in 3 years mostly in heavy industry mostly in heavy industry unable increase agricultural production unable increase agricultural production economy remained unbalance economy remained unbalance little effort to adapt to new, progressive industrial techniques little effort to adapt to new, progressive industrial techniques projects that gave sense of pride, not efficiency— bridges, dams projects that gave sense of pride, not efficiency— bridges, dams Stalin’s Grand Projects of Communism--propaganda Stalin’s Grand Projects of Communism--propaganda

32. The great patriotic war Economy in the War & After Economy in the War & After Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951-1955) Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951-1955) maintained emphasis on heavy industry maintained emphasis on heavy industry iron, steel, oil, electricity all doubled iron, steel, oil, electricity all doubled no increase in standard of living no increase in standard of living no success in agriculture no success in agriculture economy remained unbalance economy remained unbalance agriculture under capitalized agriculture under capitalized heavy subsidies heavy subsidies shortages shortages black market black market accommodations scarce accommodations scarce wages not above subsistence wages not above subsistence

33. The later purges 1941-1953 The Leningrad Affair The Leningrad Affair dispensed with Central Committee & Politburo— removes even semblance of restriction on his authority dispensed with Central Committee & Politburo— removes even semblance of restriction on his authority accusation that prominent members of Communist Party of treason—many heroes of siege of Leningrad accusation that prominent members of Communist Party of treason—many heroes of siege of Leningrad from Leningrad Party Cell could form a competitive anti-Soviet organization from Leningrad Party Cell could form a competitive anti-Soviet organization

34. The later purges 1941-1953 The Leningrad Affair The Leningrad Affair Pyotr Popkov, Aleksei Kuznetsov, Nikolai Voznesensky organized trade fair to boost post-war economy & support survivors of siege Pyotr Popkov, Aleksei Kuznetsov, Nikolai Voznesensky organized trade fair to boost post-war economy & support survivors of siege accused of trying to use Moscow budget allocations to benefit business ventures—embezzlement accused of trying to use Moscow budget allocations to benefit business ventures—embezzlement

35. The later purges 1941-1953 The Leningrad Affair The Leningrad Affair three men above & two others sentenced to death on false charges three men above & two others sentenced to death on false charges 2,000 public officials dismissed; 200 along w/family repressed 2,000 public officials dismissed; 200 along w/family repressed entire leadership of Leningrad govt. & political leaders replaced w/ men loyal to Stalin entire leadership of Leningrad govt. & political leaders replaced w/ men loyal to Stalin

36. The later purges 1941-1953 The Doctors’ Plot, 1952-1953 The Doctors’ Plot, 1952-1953 biggest anti-Semitic persecution of Stalin’s rule biggest anti-Semitic persecution of Stalin’s rule influences: influences: Israel ties to West Israel ties to West worry about Jewish nationalism worry about Jewish nationalism increasing suspicions of physicians increasing suspicions of physicians daughter’s affair w/Jewish man daughter’s affair w/Jewish man

37. The later purges 1941-1953 The Doctors’ Plot, 1952-1953 The Doctors’ Plot, 1952-1953 1952: aging & ailing leaders of Soviet dying 1952: aging & ailing leaders of Soviet dying “They die one after another… die so quickly! We must change the old doctors for new ones.”—Stalin, 1952. “They die one after another… die so quickly! We must change the old doctors for new ones.”—Stalin, 1952. Jewish-dominated medical profession had planned to murder Stalin and other Soviet leaders Jewish-dominated medical profession had planned to murder Stalin and other Soviet leaders preparations for massive pogrom preparations for massive pogrom

38. The later purges 1941-1953 The Doctors’ Plot, 1952-1953 The Doctors’ Plot, 1952-1953 those interrogated coerced to produce evidence proving Stalin’s personal physician plotted to assassinate him & other leaders those interrogated coerced to produce evidence proving Stalin’s personal physician plotted to assassinate him & other leaders “Every Jewish nationalist is the agent of the American intelligence service. Jewish nationalists think that their nation was saved by the USA (there you can become rich, bourgeois, etc.). They think they’re indebted to the Americans. Among the doctors, there are many Jewish nationalists.”— Stalin, 1 December 1952 “Every Jewish nationalist is the agent of the American intelligence service. Jewish nationalists think that their nation was saved by the USA (there you can become rich, bourgeois, etc.). They think they’re indebted to the Americans. Among the doctors, there are many Jewish nationalists.”— Stalin, 1 December 1952 massive purge only halted by Stalin’s death massive purge only halted by Stalin’s death

39. The later purges 1941-1953 Summary of Stalin’s Purges Summary of Stalin’s Purges 1940: occupation of Baltic states—2 million deported 1940: occupation of Baltic states—2 million deported 1941: deportation of various national groups to Siberia (Germans, Ukrainians, Chechens, etc.), about 1/3 died 1941: deportation of various national groups to Siberia (Germans, Ukrainians, Chechens, etc.), about 1/3 died 1944-1946: screening of returned POWs & those who lived under German occupation—10 million to labor camps; 5 to 6 million died in captivity 1944-1946: screening of returned POWs & those who lived under German occupation—10 million to labor camps; 5 to 6 million died in captivity 1947-1953: various purges resulted in 1 million deaths 1947-1953: various purges resulted in 1 million deaths

40. The later purges 1941-1953 Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Motivations Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Motivations desire to impose absolute authority—bring all aspect of state & Party control under his reigns desire to impose absolute authority—bring all aspect of state & Party control under his reigns achieved—purges continued achieved—purges continued targeted & destroyed people not for what they did, but for what they could do targeted & destroyed people not for what they did, but for what they could do

41. The later purges 1941-1953 Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Motivations Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Motivations “As he’d got older, my father had begun feeling lonely. He was so isolated from everyone that he seemed to be living in a vacuum. He hadn’t a soul he could talk to. It was the system of which he himself was the prisoner and in which he was stifling from emptiness and lack of human companionship.”— Svetlana Alliluyeva, Stalin’s daughter “As he’d got older, my father had begun feeling lonely. He was so isolated from everyone that he seemed to be living in a vacuum. He hadn’t a soul he could talk to. It was the system of which he himself was the prisoner and in which he was stifling from emptiness and lack of human companionship.”— Svetlana Alliluyeva, Stalin’s daughter indicates a deeply disturbed & distrustful mind indicates a deeply disturbed & distrustful mind

42. The later purges 1941-1953 Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Overview Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Overview Robert Service, biographer of Stalin: “’Nowadays virtually all writers accept that he initiated the Great Terror.’” Robert Service, biographer of Stalin: “’Nowadays virtually all writers accept that he initiated the Great Terror.’” Service & others recognize complicity of those who carried out the purges Service & others recognize complicity of those who carried out the purges opportunity to settle old scores opportunity to settle old scores advancement due to new vacancies advancement due to new vacancies popular support from those who did not want USSR slip back into weakness popular support from those who did not want USSR slip back into weakness

43. The later purges 1941-1953 Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Overview Summary of Stalin’s Purges—Overview Richard Overy: “’the law of violent proletariat revolution is an inevitable law of the revolutionary movement’ linked to Lenin’s declaration that the task of Bolshevism was ‘the ruthless destruction of the enemy. Richard Overy: “’the law of violent proletariat revolution is an inevitable law of the revolutionary movement’ linked to Lenin’s declaration that the task of Bolshevism was ‘the ruthless destruction of the enemy. purges were natural progression purges were natural progression concept of individual rights or civil rights severely undeveloped in Tsarist Russia nor addressed by Lenin & the revolutionary movement concept of individual rights or civil rights severely undeveloped in Tsarist Russia nor addressed by Lenin & the revolutionary movement Lenin had re-emphasized the necessity of obedience to central authority Lenin had re-emphasized the necessity of obedience to central authority