1. Physiology of Bacteria Bacterial Growth

2. Bacterial Colony “a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism”

3. Requirements for Growth Physical: temperature, pH, light, osmotic pressure, moisture Chemical: carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen

4. Temperature Readings question three: What are psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles?

5. Psychrophiles Desulfofrigus oceanense (Arctic and Antarctic Oceans)

6. Mesophiles E. coli

7. Thermophiles Fossilized Microbes from Yellowstone’s Hot Springs

8. Temperatures Minimum: “temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place” Optimum: “temperature at which organisms grow best” Maximum: “temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place”

9. What are the embalming implications associated with the temperature preference of bacteria?

10. pH Readings question four: Describe the pH scale. Acidophiles: bacteria that are remarkably tolerant of acidity

11. Light Cyanobacteria: oxygen producing prokaryotes – thrive in the presence of light Yeasts and Molds – prefer dark areas Some bacteria are destroyed by ultraviolet light.

12. Osmotic Pressure “pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane” microorganisms require water for growth and are made up of 80-90% water high osmotic pressure removes necessary water from a cell plasmolysis hypertonic solutions

13. Moisture maximum, optimum and minimum requirement for all microorganisms Pathogenic bacteria are usually found in the body’s tissues Fungal diseases are usually found on the body surface.

14. Chemical Requirements Readings question two: Describe the differences between autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.

15. Heterotrophic Bacteria 3 categories: – 1) strict (obligate) saprophyte – 2) strict (obligate) parasite – 3) facultative bacteria: Facultative saprophyte: “prefers live organic matter as a source of nutrition but can adapt to the use of dead organic matter under certain conditions” Facultative parasite: capable of living and growing with the nutrients that its host provides

16. Carbon one of the most important requirements for microbial growth structural backbone of living matter needed for all the organic compounds that make up a living cell ½ of the “dry weight” of a bacterial cell is carbon

17. Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus needed by microorganisms for the synthesis of cellular material e.g. protein, DNA, RNA, ATP

18. Trace Elements iron, copper, and zinc essential for the function of certain enzymes

19. Oxygen Microbes that use molecular oxygen (aerobes) produce more energy from nutrients than microbes that do not use oxygen (anaerobes) Reading question two: Describe the difference between obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes.

20. Microaerophilic Organisms “a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen” only grow in oxygen concentrations that are lower than those in air require about 2 – 10% free oxygen

21. Facultative Organisms Facultative Aerobes: “a microorganism that prefers an environment devoid of oxygen but has adapted so that it can live and grow in the presence of oxygen” Facultative Anaerobes: “a microorganism that prefers an oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence” – E.g. Bacillus anthracis, Corneybacterium diphtheriae, Escherichia coli

22. Aerotolerant Organisms can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen – e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes

23. Microbial Associations normal flora (microbiota) transient microbiota symbiotic relationship: “organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members” – distinguished by the degree to which the host organism is harmed

24. Mutualism “a symbiotic relationship in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each” – e.g. E. coli in the human digestive tract

25. Commensalism “the symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment and the other is not harmed or benefited” – e.g. bacteria on skin surface; microorganisms within the digestive tract

26. Parasitism “an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits” many disease-causing bacteria are parasites typically the host is macroscopic and the parasite is microscopic roundworms and flatworms are parasites that are large multi-cellular organisms

27. Readings question five: What is the synergistic effect?

28. Antagonism “mutual opposition or contrary action. The inhibition of one microorganism by another.” Involves competition among microbes normal microbiota protect the host against colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes normal flora produce substances harmful to the invading microbes (pH, oxygen)