1. NANOMATERIALS FROM BALL MILLING W. COURTNEY FEB 7, 2006

2. APPARATUS Mater. Sci. Engin. A 206, 1996, 24 Graphite Powder Steel ball Ar 

3. Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48,1993, 14

4. Extended Milling Amorphization

5. Ball MillingHigh energy Ball Milling Milling time< 1 hours20-200 hours Impact energy (W/g/ball) 0.0010.2 Particle size mm  m (clusters) Structural changes NoYes Chemical reactions NoYes AtmosphereNo controlVacuum, gases TemperatureNo controlL-N 2 -700 o C

6. Impact Energy of Vibrating Ball Mill M b V max f M b V max f I* = Mp Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48,1993, 14

7. CHEMICAL REACTIONS DURING BALL MILLING Ti (Zr, Fe, B) + NH3  nano-TiN (nano-ZrN, FeN, BN) Ti (Fe, Zr) +O2  nano-TiO2 (nano-FeOx, -ZrOy)

9. Nanotube Precursor created by ball milling Nucleation structures Pentagons Micropores nanosized metal particles Fe, Cr Disordered carbon as C atom source Appl. Phys. A, 76 (2003) p. 107-110

10. NANOTUBES CREATED FROM EXTENDED MILLING FOLLOWED BY THERMAL ANNEALING Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48,1993, 14

11. OTHER REFERENCES Guo XM et al. Mechanochemical formation of novel catalyst for preparing carbon nanotubes…. Scripta Materialia. 48(8):1185-1188 Konya Z. et al,,Large scale production of short functionalized carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters. 360(5-6):429-435 Gao B. et al, Enhanced saturation lithium composition in ball-milled SWNTs. Chemical Physics Letters. 327(1-2):69-75, Kim YA. et al. Effect of ball milling on morphology of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters. 355(3-4):279-284 Pierard N. et al. Production of short carbon nanotubes with open tips by ball milling. Chemical Physics Letters. 335(1-2):1-8, 2001 Feb 16. Li YB et al. Transformation of carbon nanotubes to nanoparticles by ball milling process. Carbon. 37(3):493-497, 1999.