1. 2 Questions. 2 minutes. Which of these covalent bonds is/are polar?
O—H
C—H
C—C
Identify a chemical group with a polar covalent bond and one that has a nonpolar covalent bond. For the polar group, indicate which atom is electronegative.

2. Structure & Function of Macromolecules
Chapter 5
Structure & Function of Macromolecules

3. Polymers and their Monomers!
These are polymers…
What monomer components are they made of?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
These are monomers…
Can you match them to the correct polymer?
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides

4. How do we put the monomers together to form a polymer?

5. What about lipids?
Why is this molecule a “lipid”?

6. What kind of chemical bond links monomers together?
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Lipid components
Nucleotides
Glycosidic bond
Peptide bond
Ester bond
Phosphodiester bond

7. Theme: Structure & Function
A macromolecule’s function(s) is/are determined by its structure!
Some examples……

9. If you have enzymes with the correct 3-D shape (structure
If you have enzymes with the correct 3-D shape (structure!), you can break down a molecule and digest it! But if you don’t have the right enzymes….

11. When you eat plant material (cellulose), the beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages are a mis-match to the enzymes you have for breaking down carbohydrates. So you cannot digest them, and they act as a source of “roughage” for your diet – healthy material (apple skins, celery stalks, leafy greens) that keep you regular!

12. Proteins are another compelling example of structure-function relationships
4 levels of structure in proteins:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

13. Primary Protein Structure

14. How many molecules of water are required to completely hydrolyze a polypeptide consisting of 11 amino acids?
What makes each of the 20 different amino acids unique?

15. What determines primary protein structure?
Why is primary structure so important in proteins?
How many different polypeptides are possible in a chain consisting of 12 amino acids?
20 to the 12th power!!!

16. Secondary Protein Structure

18. What determines secondary structure?
What is the relationship between primary and secondary structure?

19. Tertiary Protein Structure

20. What causes tertiary structure?
How is tertiary structure related to primary and to secondary structure?

21. Quaternary protein structure

22. What causes quaternary structure?
How might a change in amino acid sequence affect quaternary structure?

24. What is denaturation? What causes denaturation? WHY?
Temp change, change in pH, change in ionic strength – WHY???
What is denaturation? What causes denaturation? WHY?

25. Summary…

26. Structural variation = Functional Variation

27. Nucleic Acids! DNA – genetic material
RNA – ribosomal, transfer, or messenger RNA
Nucleotides – cAMP, ATP (functional n.t.’s)

29. Review…
What is the relationship between DNA and protein structure?

33. How do nucleotide bases pair up with one another?
WHY??

34. Structure-Function (again??!!)
The structure of DNA inspired Watson and Crick to state that they saw “inherent in its structure a mechanism for its own replication”
An important feature, given its function !